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Understanding time series data is fundamental to many real-world applications. Recent work explores multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to enhance time series understanding with contextual information beyond numerical signals. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yaxuan Kong , Yiyuan Yang , Shiyu Wang , Chenghao Liu , Yuxuan Liang , Ming Jin , Stefan Zohren , Dan Pei , Yan Liu , Qingsong Wen

Time series reasoning treats time as a first-class axis and incorporates intermediate evidence directly into the answer. This survey defines the problem and organizes the literature by reasoning topology with three families: direct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ching Chang , Yidan Shi , Defu Cao , Wei Yang , Jeehyun Hwang , Haixin Wang , Jiacheng Pang , Wei Wang , Yan Liu , Wen-Chih Peng , Tien-Fu Chen

Traditional time series analysis has long relied on pattern recognition, trained on static and well-established benchmarks. However, in real-world settings -- where policies shift, human behavior adapts, and unexpected events unfold --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xinlei Wang , Mingtian Tan , Jing Qiu , Junhua Zhao , Jinjin Gu

Time series data is one of the most ubiquitous data modalities existing in a diverse critical domains such as healthcare, seismology, manufacturing and energy. Recent years, there are increasing interest of the data mining community to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Li Zhang

Time series classification is a task of paramount importance, as this kind of data often arises in safety-critical applications. However, it is typically tackled with black-box deep learning methods, making it hard for humans to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Irene Ferfoglia , Simone Silvetti , Gaia Saveri , Laura Nenzi , Luca Bortolussi

Deep time series models continue to improve predictive performance, yet their deployment remains limited by their black-box nature. In response, existing interpretability approaches in the field keep focusing on explaining the internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Giovanni De Felice , Riccardo D'Elia , Alberto Termine , Pietro Barbiero , Giuseppe Marra , Silvia Santini

Time series interpretation aims to provide an explanation of what is observed in terms of its underlying processes. The present work is based on the assumption that the common classification-based approaches to time series interpretation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Tomás Teijeiro , Paulo Félix

Deep learning models developed for time-series associated tasks have become more widely researched nowadays. However, due to the unintuitive nature of time-series data, the interpretability problem -- where we understand what is under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Ziqi Zhao , Yucheng Shi , Shushan Wu , Fan Yang , Wenzhan Song , Ninghao Liu

Deep clustering uncovers hidden patterns and groups in complex time series data, yet its opaque decision-making limits use in safety-critical settings. This survey offers a structured overview of explainable deep clustering for time series,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Udo Schlegel , Gabriel Marques Tavares , Thomas Seidl

Time series classification is a task of paramount importance, as this kind of data often arises in safety-critical applications. However, it is typically tackled with black-box deep learning methods, making it hard for humans to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Irene Ferfoglia , Simone Silvetti , Gaia Saveri , Laura Nenzi , Luca Bortolussi

Time series are critical for decision-making in fields like finance and healthcare. Their importance has driven a recent influx of works passing time series into language models, leading to non-trivial forecasting on some datasets. But it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Mike A. Merrill , Mingtian Tan , Vinayak Gupta , Tom Hartvigsen , Tim Althoff

Exploring the expansion history of the universe, understanding its evolutionary stages, and predicting its future evolution are important goals in astrophysics. Today, machine learning tools are used to help achieving these goals by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Michael Franklin Mbouopda , Emille E. O. Ishida , Engelbert Mephu Nguifo , Emmanuel Gangler

In this paper, we investigate the distillation of time series reasoning capabilities into small, instruction-tuned language models as a step toward building interpretable time series foundation models. Leveraging a synthetic dataset of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Matthieu Boileau , Philippe Helluy , Jeremy Pawlus , Svitlana Vyetrenko

Early artificial intelligence paradigms exhibited separated cognitive functions: Neural Networks focused on "perception-representation," Reinforcement Learning on "decision-making-behavior," and Symbolic AI on "knowledge-reasoning." With…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhi Liu , Guangzhi Wang

With the increasing application of deep learning algorithms to time series classification, especially in high-stake scenarios, the relevance of interpreting those algorithms becomes key. Although research in time series interpretability has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Jacqueline Höllig , Cedric Kulbach , Steffen Thoma

Machines are being increasingly used in decision-making processes, resulting in the realization that decisions need explanations. Unfortunately, an increasing number of these deployed models are of a 'black-box' nature where the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Sopam Dasgupta

The reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced their performance by enabling in-depth understanding of diverse tasks. With growing interest in applying LLMs to the time series domain, this has proven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiahui Zhou , Dan Li , Lin Li , Zhuomin Chen , Shunyu Wu , Haozheng Ye , Jian Lou , Costas J. Spanos

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence technology has excelled in various applications across all domains and fields. However, the various algorithms in neural networks make it difficult to understand the reasons behind decisions. For…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Bowen Long , Enjie Liu , Renxi Qiu , Yanqing Duan

We propose TRACIE, a novel temporal reasoning dataset that evaluates the degree to which systems understand implicit events -- events that are not mentioned explicitly in natural language text but can be inferred from it. This introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Ben Zhou , Kyle Richardson , Qiang Ning , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal , Dan Roth

A simple framework for reasoning under uncertainty and intervention is introduced. This is achieved in three steps. First, logic is restated in set-theoretic terms to obtain a framework for reasoning under certainty. Second, this framework…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-08-18 Pedro A. Ortega
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