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Spatial cognition is essential for human intelligence, enabling problem-solving through visual simulations rather than solely relying on verbal reasoning. However, existing AI benchmarks primarily assess verbal reasoning, neglecting the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Linjie Li , Mahtab Bigverdi , Jiawei Gu , Zixian Ma , Yinuo Yang , Ziang Li , Yejin Choi , Ranjay Krishna

Top-view perspective denotes a typical way in which humans read and reason over different types of maps, and it is vital for localization and navigation of humans as well as of `non-human' agents, such as the ones backed by large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Chengzu Li , Caiqi Zhang , Han Zhou , Nigel Collier , Anna Korhonen , Ivan Vulić

Neural network models of language have long been used as a tool for developing hypotheses about conceptual representation in the mind and brain. For many years, such use involved extracting vector-space representations of words and using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Siddharth Suresh , Kushin Mukherjee , Xizheng Yu , Wei-Chun Huang , Lisa Padua , Timothy T Rogers

We introduce Blueprint-Bench, a benchmark designed to evaluate spatial reasoning capabilities in AI models through the task of converting apartment photographs into accurate 2D floor plans. While the input modality (photographs) is well…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Lukas Petersson , Axel Backlund , Axel Wennstöm , Hanna Petersson , Callum Sharrock , Arash Dabiri

Vision-language models (VLMs) are essential to Embodied AI, enabling robots to perceive, reason, and act in complex environments. They also serve as the foundation for the recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. Yet most evaluations of…

We propose SpatialLLM, a novel approach advancing spatial intelligence tasks in complex urban scenes. Unlike previous methods requiring geographic analysis tools or domain expertise, SpatialLLM is a unified language model directly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jiabin Chen , Haiping Wang , Jinpeng Li , Yuan Liu , Zhen Dong , Bisheng Yang

Text-based Visual Question Answering~(TextVQA) aims to produce correct answers for given questions about the images with multiple scene texts. In most cases, the texts naturally attach to the surface of the objects. Therefore, spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Hao Li , Jinfa Huang , Peng Jin , Guoli Song , Qi Wu , Jie Chen

Spatial reasoning is a core component of human cognition, enabling individuals to perceive, comprehend, and interact with the physical world. It relies on a nuanced understanding of spatial structures and inter-object relationships, serving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Zesen Lyu , Dandan Zhang , Wei Ye , Fangdi Li , Zhihang Jiang , Yao Yang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in the social sciences to simulate human behavior, based on the assumption that they can generate realistic, human-like text. Yet this assumption remains largely untested. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Nicolò Pagan , Petter Törnberg , Christopher A. Bail , Anikó Hannák , Christopher Barrie

Spatial sound reasoning is a fundamental human skill, enabling us to navigate and interpret our surroundings based on sound. In this paper we present BAT, which combines the spatial sound perception ability of a binaural acoustic scene…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-20 Zhisheng Zheng , Puyuan Peng , Ziyang Ma , Xie Chen , Eunsol Choi , David Harwath

Online Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising avenue for complex image editing but is currently constrained by the scarcity of reliable and fine-grained reward signals. Existing evaluators frequently struggle with a critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yancheng Long , Yankai Yang , Hongyang Wei , Wei Chen , Tianke Zhang , Haonan fan , Changyi Liu , Kaiyu Jiang , Jiankang Chen , Kaiyu Tang , Bin Wen , Fan Yang , Tingting Gao , Han Li , Shuo Yang

Humans build viewpoint-independent cognitive maps through navigation, enabling intuitive reasoning about object permanence and spatial relations. We argue that multimodal large language models (MLLMs), despite extensive video training, lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jacob Thompson , Emiliano Garcia-Lopez , Yonatan Bisk

Spatial Reasoning is an important component of human cognition and is an area in which the latest Vision-language models (VLMs) show signs of difficulty. The current analysis works use image captioning tasks and visual question answering.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Akshar Tumu , Varad Shinde , Parisa Kordjamshidi

To this date, CAPTCHAs have served as the first line of defense preventing unauthorized access by (malicious) bots to web-based services, while at the same time maintaining a trouble-free experience for human visitors. However, recent work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Dorjan Hitaj , Briland Hitaj , Sushil Jajodia , Luigi V. Mancini

We explore the application of large language models (LLMs) to empower domain experts in integrating large, heterogeneous, and noisy urban spatial datasets. Traditional rule-based integration methods are unable to cover all edge cases,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Bin Han , Robert Wolfe , Anat Caspi , Bill Howe

The advent of AI driven large language models (LLMs) have stirred discussions about their role in qualitative research. Some view these as tools to enrich human understanding, while others perceive them as threats to the core values of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Muneera Bano , Didar Zowghi , Jon Whittle

Spatial reasoning has emerged as a critical capability for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), drawing increasing attention and rapid advancement. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on single-step perception-to-judgment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Rui Zhu , Xin Shen , Shuchen Wu , Chenxi Miao , Xin Yu , Yang Li , Weikang Li , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang

As a result of continuing advances in computer capabilities, it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between humans and computers in the digital world. We propose using the fundamental human ability to distinguish between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah

CAPTCHAs or reverse Turing tests are real-time assessments used by programs (or computers) to tell humans and machines apart. This is achieved by assigning and assessing hard AI problems that could only be solved easily by human but not by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2014-02-05 A. K. B. Karunathilake , B. M. D. Balasuriya , R. G. Ragel

Spatial reasoning is central to navigation and robotics, yet measuring model capabilities on these tasks remains difficult. Existing benchmarks evaluate models in a one-shot setting, requiring full solution generation in a single response,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Tianyu Yang , Niklas Bauer , Terry Ruas , Jan Philip Wahle , Bela Gipp