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Spatial reasoning is a key capability in the field of artificial intelligence, especially crucial in areas such as robotics, computer vision, and natural language understanding. However, evaluating the ability of multimodal large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Rui Xu , Dakuan Lu , Zicheng Zhao , Xiaoyu Tan , Xintao Wang , Siyu Yuan , Jiangjie Chen , Yinghui Xu

Language models have become very popular recently and many claims have been made about their abilities, including for commonsense reasoning. Given the increasingly better results of current language models on previous static benchmarks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Anthony G Cohn , Jose Hernandez-Orallo

Multi-step spatial reasoning entails understanding and reasoning about spatial relationships across multiple sequential steps, which is crucial for tackling complex real-world applications, such as robotic manipulation, autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kexian Tang , Junyao Gao , Yanhong Zeng , Haodong Duan , Yanan Sun , Zhening Xing , Wenran Liu , Kaifeng Lyu , Kai Chen

LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed for expert decision support, yet human-AI teams in high-stakes settings do not yet reliably outperform the best individual. We argue this complementarity gap reflects a fundamental mismatch:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Raunak Jain

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has made detecting AI-generated text an increasingly critical challenge. Traditional methods often fail to capture the nuanced semantic differences between human and machine-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Lifu Gao , Ziwei Liu , Qi Zhang

Spatial understanding remains a weakness of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). Existing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and recent reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) pipelines depend on costly supervision, specialized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yuhong Liu , Beichen Zhang , Yuhang Zang , Yuhang Cao , Long Xing , Xiaoyi Dong , Haodong Duan , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Visual captioning benchmarks have become outdated with the emergence of modern multimodal large language models (MLLMs), as the brief ground-truth sentences and traditional metrics fail to assess detailed captions effectively. While recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Zhihang Liu , Chen-Wei Xie , Bin Wen , Feiwu Yu , Jixuan Chen , Pandeng Li , Boqiang Zhang , Nianzu Yang , Yinglu Li , Zuan Gao , Yun Zheng , Hongtao Xie

Recent advancements in Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated exceptional semantic understanding, yet these models consistently struggle with spatial reasoning, often failing at fundamental geometric tasks such as depth…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zishan Liu , Ruoxi Zang , Yanglin Zhang , Wei Liu , Yin Zhang , Jian Yao , Jiayin Zheng , Zhengzhe Liu

Humans can look at a static scene and instantly predict what happens next -- will moving this object cause a collision? We call this ability Causal Spatial Reasoning. However, current multimodal large language models (MLLMs) cannot do this,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Wenxin Ma , Chenlong Wang , Ruisheng Yuan , Hao Chen , Nanru Dai , S. Kevin Zhou , Yijun Yang , Alan Yuille , Jieneng Chen

Image captioning has been a longstanding challenge in vision-language research. With the rise of LLMs, modern Vision-Language Models (VLMs) generate detailed and comprehensive image descriptions. However, benchmarking the quality of such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Kanzhi Cheng , Wenpo Song , Jiaxin Fan , Zheng Ma , Qiushi Sun , Fangzhi Xu , Chenyang Yan , Nuo Chen , Jianbing Zhang , Jiajun Chen

Recent vision-language (VL) models are powerful, but can they reliably distinguish "right" from "left"? We curate three new corpora to quantify model comprehension of such basic spatial relations. These tests isolate spatial reasoning more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Amita Kamath , Jack Hessel , Kai-Wei Chang

A fundamental challenge in embodied AI is verifying if agents build internal models of spatial structure or merely learn to mimic task-specific expert trajectories. This is critical as foundational approaches rooted in action-centric tasks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jinzhou Tang , Sidi Liu , Waikit Xiu , Weixing Chen , Keze Wang

The use of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) as an end-to-end solution for Embodied AI and Autonomous Driving has become a prevailing trend. While MLLMs have been extensively studied for visual semantic understanding tasks, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Yun Li , Yiming Zhang , Tao Lin , Xiangrui Liu , Wenxiao Cai , Zheng Liu , Bo Zhao

Humans are born with vision-based 4D spatial-temporal intelligence, which enables us to perceive and reason about the evolution of 3D space over time from purely visual inputs. Despite its importance, this capability remains a significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xingyilang Yin , Chengzhengxu Li , Jiahao Chang , Chi-Man Pun , Xiaodong Cun

Generative AI (GenAI) is increasingly used in survey contexts to simulate human preferences. While many research endeavors evaluate the quality of synthetic GenAI data by comparing model-generated responses to gold-standard survey results,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sarah Ball , Simeon Allmendinger , Frauke Kreuter , Niklas Kühl

The increasing capability of large language models (LLMs) to generate fluent long-form texts is presenting new challenges in distinguishing machine-generated outputs from human-written ones, which is crucial for ensuring authenticity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yufei Tian , Zeyu Pan , Nanyun Peng

Recent advances in text-to-image (T2I) generation via reinforcement learning (RL) have benefited from reward models that assess semantic alignment and visual quality. However, most existing reward models pay limited attention to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sashuai Zhou , Qiang Zhou , Junpeng Ma , Yue Cao , Ruofan Hu , Ziang Zhang , Xiaoda Yang , Zhibin Wang , Jun Song , Cheng Yu , Bo Zheng , Zhou Zhao

The evaluation of machine-generated image captions is a complex and evolving challenge. With the advent of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), image captioning has become a core task, increasing the need for robust and reliable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Sara Sarto , Marcella Cornia , Rita Cucchiara

The recent rapid development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has indicated their potential for embodied tasks.However, the critical skill of spatial understanding in embodied environments has not been thoroughly evaluated, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Mengfei Du , Binhao Wu , Zejun Li , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

Cross-view spatial reasoning is essential for embodied AI, underpinning spatial understanding, mental simulation and planning in complex environments. Existing benchmarks primarily emphasize indoor or street settings, overlooking the unique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Haotian Xu , Yue Hu , Zhengqiu Zhu , Chen Gao , Ziyou Wang , Junreng Rao , Wenhao Lu , Weishi Li , Quanjun Yin , Yong Li