English

REM: Evaluating LLM Embodied Spatial Reasoning through Multi-Frame Trajectories

Machine Learning 2025-12-02 v1 Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Abstract

Humans build viewpoint-independent cognitive maps through navigation, enabling intuitive reasoning about object permanence and spatial relations. We argue that multimodal large language models (MLLMs), despite extensive video training, lack this fundamental spatial reasoning capability, a critical limitation for embodied applications. To demonstrate these limitations and drive research, we introduce REM (Reasoning over Embodied Multi-Frame Trajectories), a benchmark using controllable 3D environments for long-horizon embodied spatial reasoning. REM systematically evaluates key aspects like object permanence/distinction, spatial relationships, and numerical tracking across dynamic embodied viewpoints. Our evaluation shows that the best-performing current models exhibit promising overall performance, but become increasingly unreliable at even moderate complexity levels easily handled by humans. These findings highlight challenges MLLMs face in developing robust spatial representations from sequential visual input. Consequently, REM provides targeted metrics and diagnostics to foster improved spatial understanding in future models.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2512.00736,
  title  = {REM: Evaluating LLM Embodied Spatial Reasoning through Multi-Frame Trajectories},
  author = {Jacob Thompson and Emiliano Garcia-Lopez and Yonatan Bisk},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.00736},
  year   = {2025}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T08:01:26.959Z