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The increasing autonomy of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates a rigorous evaluation of their potential to aid in cyber offense. Existing benchmarks often lack real-world complexity and are thus unable to accurately assess LLMs'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zicheng Liu , Lige Huang , Jie Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Yuan Tian , Jing Shao

Evaluating the quality of recommender systems is critical for algorithm design and optimization. Most evaluation methods are computed based on offline metrics for quick algorithm evolution, since online experiments are usually risky and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Zhuo Wu , Qinglin Jia , Chuhan Wu , Zhaocheng Du , Shuai Wang , Zan Wang , Zhenhua Dong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have reshaped code generation by synergizing their exceptional comprehension of natural language and programming syntax, thereby substantially boosting developer productivity. These advancements have prompted…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Mingzhe Du , Anh Tuan Luu , Bin Ji , Xiaobao Wu , Dong Huang , Terry Yue Zhuo , Qian Liu , See-Kiong Ng

Multimodal large language models are increasingly deployed as long-horizon agents, where memory must do more than recall: it must track an evolving world, revise what has gone stale, and surface the right evidence at decision time. Existing…

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly employed to automate complex software engineering tasks, such as program repair and issue resolution. These agents operate by autonomously generating natural language thoughts,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Islem Bouzenia , Michael Pradel

We present a scalable pipeline for automatically generating high-quality training data for web agents. In particular, a major challenge in identifying high-quality training instances is trajectory evaluation - quantifying how much progress…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Sungryull Sohn , Creighton Glasscock , Honglak Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

Recent advances in large reasoning models LRMs have enabled agentic search systems to perform complex multi-step reasoning across multiple sources. However, most studies focus on general information retrieval and rarely explores vertical…

The advancement of large language model (LLM) based agents has shifted AI evaluation from single-turn response assessment to multi-step task completion in interactive environments. We present an empirical study evaluating frontier AI models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Logan Ritchie , Sushant Mehta , Nick Heiner , Mason Yu , Edwin Chen

We introduce REAL, a benchmark and framework for multi-turn agent evaluations on deterministic simulations of real-world websites. REAL comprises high-fidelity, deterministic replicas of 11 widely-used websites across domains such as…

We show that domain-general automatic evaluators can significantly improve the performance of agents for web navigation and device control. We experiment with multiple evaluation models that trade off between inference cost, modularity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jiayi Pan , Yichi Zhang , Nicholas Tomlin , Yifei Zhou , Sergey Levine , Alane Suhr

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being integrated into web browsers to create agentic browsing systems that execute actions on behalf of the user. Prior work considering the security of agentic browsers focuses exclusively on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Sohom Datta , Alex Nahapetyan , William Enck , Alexandros Kapravelos

Recent advances in frontier large language models have enabled code review agents that operate in open-ended, reasoning-intensive settings. However, the lack of standardized benchmarks and granular evaluation protocols makes it difficult to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Kristen Pereira , Neelabh Sinha , Rajat Ghosh , Debojyoti Dutta

Evaluating the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) is challenging. Existing benchmarks often depend on static datasets, which are vulnerable to data contamination and may get saturated over time, or on binary live human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Lanxiang Hu , Qiyu Li , Anze Xie , Nan Jiang , Ion Stoica , Haojian Jin , Hao Zhang

LLM agents have been widely adopted in real-world applications, relying on agent frameworks for workflow execution and multi-agent coordination. As these systems scale, understanding bugs in the underlying agent frameworks becomes critical.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Xinxue Zhu , Jiacong Wu , Xiaoyu Zhang , Tianlin Li , Yanzhou Mu , Juan Zhai , Chao Shen , Chunrong Fang , Yang Liu

While reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing large language models (LLMs), it has primarily focused on single-turn tasks such as solving math problems. Training effective web agents for multi-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Zhepei Wei , Wenlin Yao , Yao Liu , Weizhi Zhang , Qin Lu , Liang Qiu , Changlong Yu , Puyang Xu , Chao Zhang , Bing Yin , Hyokun Yun , Lihong Li

LLM-based agents score well on search benchmarks, yet real users consistently find results unsatisfying, revealing a persistent evaluation-experience gap. We attribute this gap to existing benchmarks' reliance on over-specified queries,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xiaohongshu Inc

LLM agents are increasingly expected to function as general-purpose systems capable of resolving open-ended user requests. While existing benchmarks focus on domain-aware environments for developing specialized agents, evaluating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Xiaochuan Li , Ryan Ming , Pranav Setlur , Abhijay Paladugu , Andy Tang , Hao Kang , Shuai Shao , Rong Jin , Chenyan Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have unlocked new capabilities and applications; however, evaluating the alignment with human preferences still poses significant challenges. To address this issue, we introduce Chatbot Arena, an open platform…

LLM-based web agents have the potential to automate long-running web tasks, such as searching for products in multiple e-shops and subsequently ordering the cheapest products that meet the users needs. Benchmarks for evaluating web agents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ralph Peeters , Aaron Steiner , Luca Schwarz , Julian Yuya Caspary , Christian Bizer