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Usability evaluation is critical to the impact and adoption of open source software (OSS), yet traditional methods relying on human evaluators suffer from high costs and limited scalability. To address these limitations, we introduce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Lingkai Meng , Yu Shao , Long Yuan , Longbin Lai , Peng Cheng , Wenyuan Yu , Wenjie Zhang , Xuemin Lin , Jingren Zhou

Recent Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents replicate the R1-Zero paradigm, coupling online Reinforcement Learning (RL) with explicit chain-of-thought reasoning prior to object grounding and thereby achieving substantial performance gains.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yuqi Zhou , Sunhao Dai , Shuai Wang , Kaiwen Zhou , Qinglin Jia , Jun Xu

We propose V-Droid, a mobile GUI task automation agent. Unlike previous mobile agents that utilize Large Language Models (LLMs) as generators to directly generate actions at each step, V-Droid employs LLMs as verifiers to evaluate candidate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Gaole Dai , Shiqi Jiang , Ting Cao , Yuanchun Li , Yuqing Yang , Rui Tan , Mo Li , Lili Qiu

Open-source native GUI agents still lag behind closed-source systems on long-horizon navigation tasks. This gap stems from two limitations: a shortage of high-quality, action-aligned reasoning data, and the direct adoption of generic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Rui Yang , Qianhui Wu , Zhaoyang Wang , Hanyang Chen , Ke Yang , Hao Cheng , Huaxiu Yao , Baolin Peng , Huan Zhang , Jianfeng Gao , Tong Zhang

Vision-language model (VLM) based GUI agents show promise for automating complex desktop and mobile tasks, but face significant challenges in applying reinforcement learning (RL): (1) slow multi-turn interactions with GUI environments for…

We present Agent S, an open agentic framework that enables autonomous interaction with computers through a Graphical User Interface (GUI), aimed at transforming human-computer interaction by automating complex, multi-step tasks. Agent S…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Saaket Agashe , Jiuzhou Han , Shuyu Gan , Jiachen Yang , Ang Li , Xin Eric Wang

The rise of autonomous GUI agents has triggered adversarial countermeasures from digital platforms, yet existing research prioritizes utility and robustness over the critical dimension of anti-detection. We argue that for agents to survive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jiachen Zhu , Lingyu Yang , Rong Shan , Congmin Zheng , Zeyu Zheng , Weiwen Liu , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang , Jianghao Lin

An adequate education on power system operations and controls requires a hands-on experience on a graphical user interface (GUI) based software. At present, most commercial software do not have free editions with high flexibility and most…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Md Ashfaqur Rahman

ComfyUI is a popular workflow-based interface that allows users to customize image generation tasks through an intuitive node-based system. However, the complexity of managing node connections and diverse modules can be challenging for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Oucheng Huang , Yuhang Ma , Zeng Zhao , Mingrui Wu , Jiayi Ji , Rongsheng Zhang , Zhipeng Hu , Xiaoshuai Sun , Rongrong Ji

Most existing language model agentic systems today are built and optimized for large language models (e.g., GPT, Claude, Gemini) via API calls. While powerful, this approach faces several limitations including high token costs and privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Gaurav Srivastava , Aafiya Hussain , Chi Wang , Yingyan Celine Lin , Xuan Wang

Android Apps are frequently updated, every couple of weeks, to keep up with changing user, hardware and business demands. Correctness of App updates is checked through extensive testing. Recent research has proposed tools for automated GUI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Chao Peng , Ajitha Rajan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown great potential in revolutionizing Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation. However, existing GUI models mostly rely on learning from nearly error-free offline trajectories, thus lacking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Penghao Wu , Shengnan Ma , Bo Wang , Jiaheng Yu , Lewei Lu , Ziwei Liu

Graphical user interfaces (GUI) automation agents are emerging as powerful tools, enabling humans to accomplish increasingly complex tasks on smart devices. However, users often inadvertently omit key information when conveying tasks, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Ziming Cheng , Zhiyuan Huang , Junting Pan , Zhaohui Hou , Mingjie Zhan

With VLM-powered computer-using agents (CUAs) becoming increasingly capable at graphical user interface (GUI) navigation and manipulation, reliable step-level decision-making has emerged as a key bottleneck for real-world deployment. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zhenyu Wu , Jingjing Xie , Zehao Li , Bowen Yang , Qiushi Sun , Zhaoyang Liu , Zhoumianze Liu , Yu Qiao , Xiangyu Yue , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding

GUI (graphical user interface) prototyping is a widely-used technique in requirements engineering for gathering and refining requirements, reducing development risks and increasing stakeholder engagement. However, GUI prototyping can be a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Jialiang Wei , Anne-Lise Courbis , Thomas Lambolais , Binbin Xu , Pierre Louis Bernard , Gérard Dray

With the rapid rise of large language models (LLMs), phone automation has undergone transformative changes. This paper systematically reviews LLM-driven phone GUI agents, highlighting their evolution from script-based automation to…

We present Godot Reinforcement Learning (RL) Agents, an open-source interface for developing environments and agents in the Godot Game Engine. The Godot RL Agents interface allows the design, creation and learning of agent behaviors in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Edward Beeching , Jilles Debangoye , Olivier Simonin , Christian Wolf

Mobile GUI Agents, AI agents capable of interacting with mobile applications on behalf of users, have the potential to transform human computer interaction. However, current evaluation practices for GUI agents face two fundamental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Youngmin Im , Byeongung Jo , Jaeyoung Wi , Seungwoo Baek , Tae Hoon Min , Joo Hyung Lee , Sangeun Oh , Insik Shin , Sunjae Lee

Autonomous GUI agents based on vision-language models (VLMs) often assume deterministic environment responses, generating actions without verifying whether previous operations succeeded. In real-world settings with network latency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yuzhe Zhang , Xianwei Xue , Xingyong Wu , Mengke Chen , Chen Liu , Xinran He , Run Shao , Feiran Liu , Huanmin Xu , Qiutong Pan , Haiwei Wang

Exploratory GUI testing is a particularly demanding setting for MLLM agents: without predefined test scripts, an agent must autonomously navigate an application and discover defects through its own interaction. However, current evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiaoyi Chen , Yifei Gao , Yang Xu , Xingxing Song , Yi Zhang , Jitao Sang