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Long context inference scenarios have become increasingly important for large language models, yet they introduce significant computational latency. While prior research has optimized long-sequence inference through operators, model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Wei Shao , Lingchao Zheng , Pengyu Wang , Peizhen Zheng , Jun Li , Yuwei Fan

Multi-token prediction (MTP) has been proposed as an auxiliary objective to improve next-token prediction (NTP) in language model training but shows inconsistent improvements, underperforming in standard NLP benchmarks. We found MTP's exact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zayd M. K. Zuhri , Erland Hilman Fuadi , Alham Fikri Aji

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a small draft model to generate candidate tokens for a larger target model to verify. The efficacy of this technique hinges on the trade-off between the time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiebin Zhang , Zhenghan Yu , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Eugene J. Yu , Zheng Li , Yifan Song , Dawei Zhu , Xingxing Zhang , Furu Wei , Sujian Li

Since the inception of Large Language Models (LLMs), the quest to efficiently train them for superior reasoning capabilities has been a pivotal challenge. The dominant training paradigm for LLMs is based on next token prediction (NTP).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Pengxiao Lin , Zhongwang Zhang , Zhi-Qin John Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks. However, their widespread application is hindered by the resource-intensive decoding process. To address this challenge, current approaches have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Ziqian Zeng , Jiahong Yu , Qianshi Pang , Zihao Wang , Huiping Zhuang , Hongen Shao , Xiaofeng Zou

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) generate text by iteratively denoising masked token sequences, offering a tradeoff between parallelism and quality compared to autoregressive models. In current practice, the number of tokens decoded per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yufeng Xu , Zishuo Bao , Qian Wang , Zeshen Zhang , Haoqi Zhang , Bowen Peng , Ang Li , Rahul Chalamala , Yucheng Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have become proficient at solving a wide variety of tasks, including those involving multi-modal inputs. In particular, instantiating an LLM (such as LLaMA) with a speech encoder and training it on paired data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Desh Raj , Gil Keren , Junteng Jia , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli

This work introduces a new multi-task, parameter-efficient language model (LM) tuning method that learns to transfer knowledge across different tasks via a mixture of soft prompts-small prefix embedding vectors pre-trained for different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Akari Asai , Mohammadreza Salehi , Matthew E. Peters , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a range of natural language processing tasks. However, recent advances demonstrate that further gains particularly in complex reasoning tasks require more than merely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Wei Huang , Yizhe Xiong , Xin Ye , Zhijie Deng , Hui Chen , Zijia Lin , Guiguang Ding

With the wide adoption of language models for IR -- and specifically RAG systems -- the latency of the underlying LLM becomes a crucial bottleneck, since the long contexts of retrieved passages lead large prompts and therefore, compute…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cornelius Kummer , Lena Jurkschat , Michael Färber , Sahar Vahdati

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in multimodal reasoning and generation, yet their high computational demands remain a major challenge. Diffusion Vision-Language Models (DVLMs) are particularly attractive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jingqi Xu , Jingxi Lu , Chenghao Li , Sreetama Sarkar , Souvik Kundu , Peter A. Beerel

Transformer-based models primarily rely on Next Token Prediction (NTP), which predicts the next token in a sequence based on the preceding context. However, NTP's focus on single-token prediction often limits a model's ability to plan ahead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Charlie Wyatt , Aditya Joshi , Flora Salim

To mitigate the high inference latency stemming from autoregressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs), Speculative Decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm for LLM inference. In each decoding step, this method first drafts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Heming Xia , Zhe Yang , Qingxiu Dong , Peiyi Wang , Yongqi Li , Tao Ge , Tianyu Liu , Wenjie Li , Zhifang Sui

Large Language Models (LLMs) employ auto-regressive decoding that requires sequential computation, with each step reliant on the previous one's output. This creates a bottleneck as each step necessitates moving the full model parameters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tianle Cai , Yuhong Li , Zhengyang Geng , Hongwu Peng , Jason D. Lee , Deming Chen , Tri Dao

Large language model (LLM) decoding involves generating a sequence of tokens based on a given context, where each token is predicted one at a time using the model's learned probabilities. The typical autoregressive decoding method requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Xukun Liu , Bowen Lei , Ruqi Zhang , Dongkuan Xu

The integration of visual inputs with large language models (LLMs) has led to remarkable advancements in multi-modal capabilities, giving rise to visual large language models (VLLMs). However, effectively harnessing VLLMs for intricate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Renjie Pi , Lewei Yao , Jiahui Gao , Jipeng Zhang , Tong Zhang

The long-tailed distribution of sequence lengths in LLM serving and reinforcement learning (RL) sampling causes significant computational waste due to excessive padding in batched inference. Existing methods rely on auxiliary models for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Huanyi Xie , Yubin Chen , Liangyu Wang , Lijie Hu , Di Wang

Standard next-token prediction (NTP) supervises language models solely through discrete labels in the output logit space. We argue that this sparse one-hot supervision leaves the latent representation space under-constrained, allowing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiangdong Zhang , Debing Zhang , Shaofeng Zhang , Xiaohan Qin , Yu Cheng , Junchi Yan

Recent reasoning Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable problem-solving abilities but often generate long thinking traces whose utility is unclear. Our work aims to improve their efficiency, enabling them to reach high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xiang Liu , Xuming Hu , Xiaowen Chu , Eunsol Choi

In recent years, large language models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, deploying these models for real-world applications often requires efficient inference solutions…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Ditto PS , Jithin VG , Adarsh MS