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We introduce Spatial Reasoning Models (SRMs), a framework to perform reasoning over sets of continuous variables via denoising generative models. SRMs infer continuous representations on a set of unobserved variables, given observations on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Christopher Wewer , Bart Pogodzinski , Bernt Schiele , Jan Eric Lenssen

Large language models (LLMs) are known to "hallucinate" by generating false or misleading outputs. Hallucinations pose various harms, from erosion of trust to widespread misinformation. Existing hallucination evaluation, however, focuses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Prakhar Ganesh , Reza Shokri , Golnoosh Farnadi

Combining multiple Vision-Language Models (VLMs) can enhance multimodal reasoning and robustness, but aggregating heterogeneous models' outputs amplifies uncertainty and increases the risk of hallucinations. We propose SCoOP…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Chung-En Johnny Yu , Brian Jalaian , Nathaniel D. Bastian

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where the available context is incomplete or degraded. We argue that an LLM generating answers under incomplete context can be viewed as an implicit imputer, and evaluated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Stef van Buuren

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to various domains, concerns regarding the trustworthiness of LLMs in safety-critical scenarios have been raised, due to their unpredictable tendency to hallucinate and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Xin Qiu , Risto Miikkulainen

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) offer transformative potential for high-stakes domains like finance and law, but their tendency to hallucinate, generating factually incorrect or unsupported content, poses a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Ahmad Pesaranghader , Erin Li

Numerical reasoning is an essential ability for NLP systems to handle numeric information. Recent research indicates that fine-tuning a small-scale model to learn generating reasoning processes alongside answers can significantly enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Dingzirui Wang , Longxu Dou , Xuanliang Zhang , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) improves correctness of Question Answering (QA) and addresses hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), yet greatly increase computational costs. Besides, RAG is not always needed as may introduce…

Retrieval-Augmented Language Models (RALMs) face significant challenges in reducing factual errors, particularly in document relevance evaluation and knowledge integration. We introduce a framework for structured relevance assessment that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Aryan Raj , Astitva Veer Garg , Anitha D

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong average performance yet remain unreliable at the instance level, with frequent hallucinations, brittle failures, and poorly calibrated confidence. We study reliability through the lens of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Pranav Kallem

Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (TTRL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance reasoning capabilities on unlabeled test streams by deriving pseudo-rewards from majority voting consensus. However, existing TTRL methods rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dong Yan , Jian Liang , Yanbo Wang , Shuo Lu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model (LLM) reasoning by using a small draft model to generate candidate tokens, which the target LLM either accepts directly or regenerates upon rejection. However, excessive alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Tiancheng Su , Meicong Zhang , Guoxiu He

Abstractive text summarization has garnered increased interest as of late, in part due to the proliferation of large language models (LLMs). One of the most pressing problems related to generation of abstractive summaries is the need to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Grant C. Forbes , Parth Katlana , Zeydy Ortiz

The Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system based on Large language model (LLM) has made significant progress. It can effectively reduce factuality hallucinations, but faithfulness hallucinations still exist. Previous methods for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jianpeng Hu , Yanzeng Li , Jialun Zhong , Wenfa Qi , Lei Zou

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong mathematical reasoning capabilities but remain susceptible to hallucinations producing plausible yet incorrect statements especially in theorem proving, symbolic manipulation, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 MingShan Liu , Jialing Fang

Rhetorical Role Labeling (RRL) assigns a functional role to each sentence in a document and is widely used in legal, medical, and scientific domains. While language models (LMs) achieve strong average performance, they remain unreliable on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Anas Belfathi , Nicolas Hernandez , Laura Monceaux , Warren Bonnard , Richard Dufour

Detecting hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) remains a fundamental challenge for their trustworthy deployment. Going beyond basic uncertainty-driven hallucination detection frameworks, we propose a simple yet powerful method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Rui Wang , Zeming Wei , Guanzhang Yue , Meng Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, yet their tendency to hallucinate poses serious challenges for reliable deployment. Despite numerous hallucination detection methods, their evaluations often rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Denis Janiak , Jakub Binkowski , Albert Sawczyn , Bogdan Gabrys , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Vision-language models (VLMs) frequently generate hallucinated content plausible but incorrect claims about image content. We propose a training-free self-correction framework enabling VLMs to iteratively refine responses through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Kassoum Sanogo , Renzo Ardiccioni

Hallucinations in video-capable vision-language models (Video-VLMs) remain frequent and high-confidence, while existing uncertainty metrics often fail to align with correctness. We introduce VideoHEDGE, a modular framework for hallucination…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Sushant Gautam , Cise Midoglu , Vajira Thambawita , Michael A. Riegler , Pål Halvorsen
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