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Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, but their reliable deployment requires effective uncertainty quantification (UQ). Existing UQ methods are often heuristic and lack a probabilistic interpretation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Haoyi Song , Ruihan Ji , Naichen Shi , Fan Lai , Raed Al Kontar

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, their reliability is significantly compromised by hallucinations. Existing intrinsic self-correction methods attempt to address this, but often fail due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Gyumin Kim , Juhwan Park , Jaeha Kim , Seunggyun Han , Kyungrak Son , Ikbeom Jang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) aims to mitigate the hallucination of Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving and incorporating relevant external knowledge into the generation process. However, the external knowledge may contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Yi Sui , Chaozhuo Li , Chen Zhang , Dawei song , Qiuchi Li

Visual hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), where the model generates responses that are inconsistent with the visual input, pose a significant challenge to their reliability, particularly in contexts where precise and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Nokimul Hasan Arif , Shadman Rabby , Md Hefzul Hossain Papon , Sabbir Ahmed

Vision-language models (VLMs) enable open-ended visual question answering but remain prone to hallucinations. We present HEDGE, a unified framework for hallucination detection that combines controlled visual perturbations, semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Sushant Gautam , Michael A. Riegler , Pål Halvorsen

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced in reasoning tasks through reinforcement learning (RL) optimization, achieving impressive capabilities across various challenging benchmarks. However, our empirical analysis reveals a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Junyi Li , Hwee Tou Ng

Large language models have shown impressive capabilities in code generation, yet they often produce functionally incorrect code. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods have emerged as a promising approach for detecting hallucinations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Dylan Bouchard , Mohit Singh Chauhan , Zeya Ahmad , Ho-Kyeong Ra

We study the source of uncertainty in DeepSeek R1-32B by analyzing its self-reported verbal confidence on question answering (QA) tasks. In the default answer-then-confidence setting, the model is regularly over-confident, whereas semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Jakub Podolak , Rajeev Verma

Large language models (LLMs) offer transformative potential for clinical decision support in spine surgery but pose significant risks through hallucinations, which are factually inconsistent or contextually misaligned outputs that may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Dong Chen , Yanzhe Wei , Zonglin He , Guan-Ming Kuang , Canhua Ye , Meiru An , Huili Peng , Yong Hu , Huiren Tao , Kenneth MC Cheung

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have recently demonstrated significant improvements in complex reasoning. While quantifying generation uncertainty in LRMs is crucial, traditional methods are often insufficient because they do not provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yangyi Li , Chenxu Zhao , Mengdi Huai

Accurate sentiment analysis of texts is crucial for a variety of applications, such as understanding customer feedback, monitoring market trends, and detecting public sentiment. However, manually annotating large sentiment corpora for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Kunrong Li , Xinyu Liu , Zhen Chen

Large language models (LLMs) produce context inconsistency hallucinations, which are LLM generated outputs that are misaligned with the user prompt. This research project investigates whether prompt engineering (PE) methods can mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Imane Jaaouine , Ross D. King

Reducing hallucinations in abstractive summarization remains a critical challenge for deploying language models (LMs) in real-world settings. In this work, we introduce a rewarddriven fine-tuning framework that explicitly optimizes for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Praveenkumar Katwe , Rakesh Chandra , Balabantaray Kali , Prasad Vittala

Small language models (SLMs) have been increasingly deployed in edge devices and other resource-constrained settings. However, these models make confident mispredictions and produce unstable output, making them risky for factual and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Adeyemi Adeseye , Aisvarya Adeseye , Hannu Tenhunen , Jouni Isoaho

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to hallucination with non-factual or unfaithful statements, which undermines the applications in real-world scenarios. Recent researches focus on uncertainty-based hallucination detection, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Kedi Chen , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Xinqi Tao , Bowen Ding , Jingwen Xie , Mingchen Xie , Peilong Li , Feng Zheng , Liang He

Speculative decoding has emerged as a promising approach to accelerate inference in vision-language models (VLMs) by enabling parallel verification of multiple draft tokens. However, existing methods rely on static tree structures that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yujia Tong , Tian Zhang , Yunyang Wan , Kaiwei Lin , Jingling Yuan , Chuang Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful linguistic engines but remain susceptible to hallucinations: plausible-sounding outputs that are factually incorrect or unsupported. In this work, we present a mathematically grounded framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Moses Kiprono

We introduce a method to measure uncertainty in large language models. For tasks like question answering, it is essential to know when we can trust the natural language outputs of foundation models. We show that measuring uncertainty in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Lorenz Kuhn , Yarin Gal , Sebastian Farquhar

Augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with retrieved external knowledge has proven effective for improving the factual accuracy of generated responses. Despite their success, retrieval-augmented LLMs still face the distractibility issue,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zexuan Qiu , Zijing Ou , Bin Wu , Jingjing Li , Aiwei Liu , Irwin King