English

Rethinking Hallucinations: Correctness, Consistency, and Prompt Multiplicity

Machine Learning 2026-02-03 v1 Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are known to "hallucinate" by generating false or misleading outputs. Hallucinations pose various harms, from erosion of trust to widespread misinformation. Existing hallucination evaluation, however, focuses only on correctness and often overlooks consistency, necessary to distinguish and address these harms. To bridge this gap, we introduce prompt multiplicity, a framework for quantifying consistency in LLM evaluations. Our analysis reveals significant multiplicity (over 50% inconsistency in benchmarks like Med-HALT), suggesting that hallucination-related harms have been severely misunderstood. Furthermore, we study the role of consistency in hallucination detection and mitigation. We find that: (a) detection techniques detect consistency, not correctness, and (b) mitigation techniques like RAG, while beneficial, can introduce additional inconsistencies. By integrating prompt multiplicity into hallucination evaluation, we provide an improved framework of potential harms and uncover critical limitations in current detection and mitigation strategies.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2602.00723,
  title  = {Rethinking Hallucinations: Correctness, Consistency, and Prompt Multiplicity},
  author = {Prakhar Ganesh and Reza Shokri and Golnoosh Farnadi},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.00723},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

To appear at EACL 2026

R2 v1 2026-07-01T09:29:26.817Z