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Thanks to the application of metamaterials, holographic multiple-input multiple-output (H-MIMO) is expected to achieve a higher spatial diversity gain with lower hardware complexity. With the aid of a circular antenna arrangement of H-MIMO,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Qingxiao Huang , Yizhe Zhao , Jie Hu , Kun Yang , Yuguang Fang

High-precision direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, as a key sensing capability for 6G-enabled applications such as autonomous driving and extended reality, is increasingly dependent on the effective exploitation of spatial degrees of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 Ye Tian , Jiaji Ren , Tuo Wu , Wei Liu , Maged Elkashlan , Matthew C. Valenti , Naofal Al-Dhahir , Hing Cheung So

In a fluid antenna system (FAS), a single reconfigurable antenna is able to activate one of $N$ correlated ports to exploit spatial diversity. However, outage analysis is challenging because exact evaluation requires an $N$-dimensional…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Tuo Wu , Junteng Yao , Kai-Kit Wong , Jie Tang , Maged Elkashlan , Baiyang Liu , Kin-Fai Tong , Hyundong Shin

In this paper, we study surface-based communication systems based on different levels of channel state information for system optimization. We analyze the system performance in terms of rate and degrees of freedom (DoF). We show that the…

This letter investigates the optimal antenna spacing for a near-field XL-MIMO communication system from the perspective of the array gain. Specifically, using the Green's function-based channel model, the letter analyzes the channel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-14 Xianzhe Chen , Hong Ren , Cunhua Pan , Zhangjie Peng , Jiangzhou Wang

We show that an M X N user MIMO X network with A antennas at each node has AMN/(M+N-1) degrees of freedom (DoF), thus resolving in this case a discrepancy between the spatial scale invariance conjecture (scaling the number of antennas at…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-08-23 Hua Sun , Chunhua Geng , Tiangao Gou , Syed A. Jafar

The standard definitions of degrees of freedom (DOF) and diversity both normalize by $\log\rho$. When this ruler is wrong, both measurements give zero or become undefined, yet intuitively DOF and diversity ought to be channel properties,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mahesh Godavarti

This paper analyzes the spatial bandwidth of line-of-sight (LoS) channels in massive MIMO systems. For the linear large-scale antenna arrays (LSAA) of transceivers placed in random locations in 3D space, a simple but accurate closed-form…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zhen Wang , Yijin Pan , Jun-Bo Wang , Yijian Chen , Hongkang Yu

Fluid antenna system (FAS), which continuously repositions a single physical element across a deployment region $[0, D]$, breaks this limit by freeing antenna positions from the discrete grid entirely. This paper establishes the theoretical…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Tuo Wu , Jie Tang , Ye Tian , Cheng Zeng , Matthew C. Valenti , Hing Cheung So

Flexible antenna arrays (FAAs), distinguished by their rotatable, bendable, and foldable properties, are extensively employed in flexible radio systems to achieve customized radiation patterns. This paper aims to illustrate that FAAs,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-01 Songjie Yang , Jiancheng An , Yue Xiu , Wanting Lyu , Boyu Ning , Zhongpei Zhang , Merouane Debbah , Chau Yuen

In this paper, we study the degrees of freedom (DoF) of the symmetric multi-relay multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Y channel, where three user nodes, each with M antennas, communicate via K geographically separated relay nodes, each…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Tian Ding , Xiaojun Yuan , Soung Chang Liew

Theoretically, the three-dimensional (3D) array architecture provides a higher communication degree of freedom (DoF) compared to the planar arrays, allowing for greater capacity potential in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems.…

This paper characterizes the degrees of freedom (DoF) regions for the multi-user vector broadcast channel with periodic channel state information (CSI) feedback. As a part of the characterization, a new transmission method called space-time…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-08-16 Namyoon Lee , Robert Heath

Degree of freedom (DoF) region provides an approximation of capacity region in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, while sum DoF gives the scaling factor. In this correspondence, we analyse the DoF region and sum DoF for unicast…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Feng Liu , Chung Chan , Ying Jun , Zhang

We consider the temporally-correlated Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) broadcast channels (BC) and interference channels (IC) where the transmitter(s) has/have (i) delayed channel state information (CSI) obtained from a latency-prone…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Xinping Yi , Sheng Yang , David Gesbert , Mari Kobayashi

As the backbone of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular network, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) encounters a significant challenge in practical applications: how to deploy a large number of antenna elements within limited…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Y. Liu , M. Zhang , T. Wang , A. Zhang , M. Debbah

Recent advances in reconfigurable antennas have led to the new concept of the fluid antenna system (FAS) for shape and position flexibility, as another degree of freedom for wireless communication enhancement. This paper explores the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Jiangong Chen , Yue Xiao , Zhendong Peng , Jing Zhu , Xia Lei , Christos Masouros , Kai-Kit Wong

This work establishes a framework of near-field communication under different array geometries of extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO). We first formulate the near-field spatial non-stationary channel model which…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Kangda Zhi , Yi Song , Tianyu Yang , Tuo Wu , Tengjiao Wang , Songyan Xue , Fangzhou Wu , Giuseppe Caire

We study the effects of instantaneous feedback of channel topology on the degrees of freedom (DoF) of the bursty MIMO X channel, where the four transmitter-receiver links are intermittently on-and-off, governed by four independent Bernoulli…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Shih-Yi Yeh , I-Hsiang Wang

A novel electromagnetic (EM) structure termed flexible continuous aperture array (FCAPA) is proposed, which incorporates inherent surface flexibility into typical continuous aperture array (CAPA) systems, thereby enhancing the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-13 Kuranage Roche Rayan Ranasinghe , Zhaolin Wang , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson