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For human cognitive process, spatial reasoning and perception are closely entangled, yet the nature of this interplay remains underexplored in the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). While recent MLLM advancements show…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Chengzu Li , Wenshan Wu , Huanyu Zhang , Qingtao Li , Zeyu Gao , Yan Xia , José Hernández-Orallo , Ivan Vulić , Furu Wei

Large language model (LLM) agents accumulate rich episodic trajectories while solving real-world tasks, but it remains unclear whether such experience can be distilled into reusable procedural skills. We introduce SkillEvolBench, a…

While foundation models (FMs), such as diffusion models and large vision-language models (LVLMs), have been widely applied in educational contexts, their ability to generate pedagogically effective visual explanations remains limited. Most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Haonian Ji , Shi Qiu , Siyang Xin , Siwei Han , Zhaorun Chen , Dake Zhang , Hongyi Wang , Huaxiu Yao

Spatial reasoning is central to navigation and robotics, yet measuring model capabilities on these tasks remains difficult. Existing benchmarks evaluate models in a one-shot setting, requiring full solution generation in a single response,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Tianyu Yang , Niklas Bauer , Terry Ruas , Jan Philip Wahle , Bela Gipp

Spatial reasoning over three-dimensional scenes is a core capability for embodied intelligence, yet continuous model improvement remains bottlenecked by the cost of geometric annotation. The self-evolving paradigm offers a promising path,…

Embodied planning requires agents to make coherent multi-step decisions based on dynamic visual observations and natural language goals. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) excel at static perception tasks, they struggle with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Di Wu , Jiaxin Fan , Junzhe Zang , Guanbo Wang , Wei Yin , Wenhao Li , Bo Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning and tool use. However, the fundamental cognitive faculties essential for problem solving, including perception, reasoning, and memory, remain the stable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaozhe Li , Jixuan Chen , Xinyu Fang , Shengyuan Ding , Haodong Duan , Qingwen Liu , Kai Chen

Large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks and domains. Despite this promise, spatial understanding and reasoning -- a fundamental component of human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Jiayu Wang , Yifei Ming , Zhenmei Shi , Vibhav Vineet , Xin Wang , Yixuan Li , Neel Joshi

Recent progress in multimodal reasoning has enabled agents that interpret imagery, connect it with language, and execute structured analytical tasks. Extending these capabilities to remote sensing remains challenging, as models must reason…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents deployed in complex real-world scenarios increasingly operate as spatially distributed entities. However, this physical dispersion constrains agents to limited local perception and finite temporal horizons.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Handi Chen , Running Zhao , Xiuzhe Wu , Edith C. H. Ngai

Embodied reasoning is inherently viewpoint-dependent: what is visible, occluded, or reachable depends critically on where the agent stands. However, existing spatial memory systems for embodied agents typically store either multi-view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 JooHyun Park , HyeongYeop Kang

Recent progress in generative video models, such as Veo-3, has shown surprising zero-shot reasoning abilities, creating a growing need for systematic and reliable evaluation. We introduce V-ReasonBench, a benchmark designed to assess video…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Yang Luo , Xuanlei Zhao , Baijiong Lin , Lingting Zhu , Liyao Tang , Yuqi Liu , Ying-Cong Chen , Shengju Qian , Xin Wang , Yang You

Coordinating navigation and manipulation with robust performance is essential for embodied AI in complex indoor environments. However, as tasks extend over long horizons, existing methods often struggle due to catastrophic forgetting,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jingjing Qian , Zeyuan He , Chen Shi , Lei Xiao , Li Jiang

This thesis introduces "Embodied Spatial Intelligence" to address the challenge of creating robots that can perceive and act in the real world based on natural language instructions. To bridge the gap between Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jiading Fang

Map environments provide a fundamental medium for representing spatial structure. Understanding how foundation model (FM) agents understand and act in such environments is therefore critical for enabling reliable map-based reasoning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Zhiwei Wei , Yuxing Liu , Hua Liao , Wenjia Xu

Service robots are expected to reliably make sense of complex, fast-changing environments. From a cognitive standpoint, they need the appropriate reasoning capabilities and background knowledge required to exhibit human-like Visual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Agnese Chiatti , Gianluca Bardaro , Enrico Motta , Enrico Daga

Spatio-temporal reasoning is a core capability for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) operating in the real world. As such, evaluating it precisely has become an essential challenge. However, existing spatio-temporal reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jinho Park , Youbin Kim , Hogun Park , Eunbyung Park

Automating operations research (OR) with large language models (LLMs) remains limited by hand-crafted reasoning--execution workflows. Complex OR tasks require adaptive coordination among problem interpretation, mathematical formulation,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiahao Huang , Peilan Xu , Xiaoya Nan , Wenjian Luo

As Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) advance, multimodal agents show promise in real-world tasks like web navigation and embodied intelligence. However, due to limitations in a lack of external feedback, these agents struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Tianyi Men , Zhuoran Jin , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Learning representations of spatial references in natural language is a key challenge in tasks like autonomous navigation and robotic manipulation. Recent work has investigated various neural architectures for learning multi-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Tsung-Yen Yang , Andrew S. Lan , Karthik Narasimhan
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