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The development of fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQCs) is receiving increasing attention within the quantum computing community. Like conventional digital computers, FTQCs, which utilize error correction and millions of physical…

The essential requirement for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is the total protocol design to achieve a fair balance of all the critical factors relevant to its practical realization, such as the space overhead, the threshold, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Satoshi Yoshida , Shiro Tamiya , Hayata Yamasaki

Fault-tolerance is the future of quantum computing, ensuring error-corrected quantum computation that can be used for practical applications. Resource requirements for fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) are daunting, and hence,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Sanaa Sharma , Prakash Murali

Fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is emerging as the architectural regime in which practical large-scale quantum workloads will execute. In this setting, however, multiprogramming is no longer a matter of partitioning a flat pool of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Archisman Ghosh , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum computing promises revolutionary advances in modeling materials and molecules. However, the up-to-date runtime estimates for utility-scale applications on certain quantum hardware systems are in the order of years rendering quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-21 Katerina Gratsea , Matthew Otten

Solving quantum molecular systems presents a significant challenge for classical computation. The advent of early fault-tolerant quantum computing (EFTQC) devices offers a promising avenue to address these challenges, leveraging advanced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Yukun Zhang , Xiaoming Zhang , Jinzhao Sun , Heng Lin , Yifei Huang , Dingshun Lv , Xiao Yuan

Exploring an efficient and scalable architecture of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is vital for demonstrating useful quantum computing. Here, we propose and evaluate a scalable and practical architecture with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Rui Asaoka , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga

Realizing large-scale quantum advantage is expected to require quantum error correction (QEC), making the compilation and optimization of logical operations a critical area of research. Logical computation imposes distinct constraints and…

Achieving quantum speedups in practical tasks remains challenging for current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. These devices always encounter significant obstacles such as inevitable physical errors and the limited…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Riki Toshio , Yutaro Akahoshi , Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum computers are expected to bring drastic acceleration to several computing tasks against classical computers. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, which have tens to hundreds of noisy physical qubits, are gradually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Yutaro Akahoshi , Kazunori Maruyama , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Achieving practical quantum advantage on fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQC) is fundamentally constrained by the substantial spatial and temporal overheads required to map logical operations onto physical hardware. Existing compilation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Dhanvi Bharadwaj , Siddharth Dangwal , Yuewen Hou , Gokul Subramanian Ravi

Progress in fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) has driven the pursuit of practical applications with early fault-tolerant quantum computers (EFTQC). These devices, limited in their qubit counts and fault-tolerance capabilities,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-06 Qiyao Liang , Yiqing Zhou , Archismita Dalal , Peter D. Johnson

Due to the high error rate of a qubit, detecting and correcting errors on it is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Among several FTQC techniques, lattice surgery (LS) using surface code (SC) is currently promising. To…

In the early years of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC), it is expected that the available code distance and the number of magic states will be restricted due to the limited scalability of quantum devices and the insufficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 Yasunari Suzuki , Suguru Endo , Keisuke Fujii , Yuuki Tokunaga

Achieving fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) demands simultaneous progress in physical qubit performance and quantum error correction (QEC). This work reviews and benchmarks experimental advancements towards FTQC across leading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 François-Marie Le Régent

Reducing space and time overheads of fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) has been receiving increasing attention as it is crucial for the development of quantum computers and also plays a fundamental role in understanding the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-14 Yugo Takada , Hayata Yamasaki

Quantum computation holds the promise of solving certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, the high prevalent noise in current quantum devices impedes the accurate execution of even basic algorithms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Prithviraj Prabhu

Quantum error correction (QEC) underpins practical fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) by addressing the fragility of quantum states and mitigating decoherence-induced errors. As quantum devices scale, integrating robust QEC protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Archisman Ghosh , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

Over the past decade, research in quantum computing has tended to fall into one of two camps: near-term intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) and fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Yet, a growing body of work has been investigating how to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-02 Amara Katabarwa , Katerina Gratsea , Athena Caesura , Peter D. Johnson

The variational principle serves as a fundamental framework for describing equilibrium states of physical systems via the minimization or extremization of an energy-like functional. While quantum algorithms have demonstrated promising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-26 Katsuhiro Endo , Kazuaki Z. Takahashi
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