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Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) critically depends on real-time classical decoding, which is rapidly emerging as a system bottleneck. As quantum systems scale, decoding latency and throughput limitations lead to exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Jiahan Chen , Chenghong Zhu , Ge Bai , Xin Wang

Quantum simulation of molecular electronic structure is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing. However, achieving chemically accurate predictions for strongly correlated systems requires quantum phase estimation (QPE)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Shota Kanasugi , Riki Toshio , Kazunori Maruyama , Hirotaka Oshima

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computing (NISQ) has dominated headlines in recent years, with the longer-term vision of Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation (FTQC) offering significant potential albeit at currently intractable resource…

Superconducting qubits, while promising for scalability and long coherence times, contain more than two energy levels, and therefore are susceptible to errors generated by the leakage of population outside of the computational subspace.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-23 Joydip Ghosh , Austin G. Fowler

Electronic structure calculations of molecular systems are among the most promising applications for fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) in quantum chemistry and drug design. However, while recent algorithmic advancements such as…

Practical quantum advantage is expected to depend on fault-tolerant quantum computing, although the architectural overhead needed to support fault tolerance is still extremely high. Prior FTQC designs generally emphasize either fast…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Archisman Ghosh , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

In fault-tolerant quantum computing, a large number of physical qubits are required to construct a single logical qubit, and a single quantum node may be able to hold only a small number of logical qubits. In such a case, the idea of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Soshun Naito , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga

Demonstrating small error rates by integrating quantum error correction (QEC) into an architecture of quantum computing is the next milestone towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Encoding logical qubits with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Yasunari Suzuki , Takanori Sugiyama , Tomochika Arai , Wang Liao , Koji Inoue , Teruo Tanimoto

As quantum systems scale, Multiprogramming Quantum Computing (MPQC) becomes essential to improve device utilization and throughput. However, current MPQC pipelines rely on expensive online compilation to co-optimize concurrently running…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yilun Zhao , Yu Chen , Kaiyan Chang , He Li , Bing Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Compiling quantum algorithms for near-term quantum computers (accounting for connectivity and native gate alphabets) is a major challenge that has received significant attention both by industry and academia. Avoiding the exponential…

Quantum processing unit (QPU) has to satisfy highly demanding quantity and quality requirements on its qubits to produce accurate results for problems at useful scales. Furthermore, classical simulations of quantum circuits generally do not…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Wei Tang , Margaret Martonosi

Scaling up quantum computers to attain substantial speedups over classical computing requires fault tolerance. Conventionally, protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation demand excessive space overheads by using many physical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Hayata Yamasaki , Masato Koashi

Large-scale quantum computers promise transformative speedups, but their viability hinges on fast and reliable quantum error correction (QEC). At the center of QEC are decoders-classical algorithms running on hardware such as FPGAs, GPUs,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Satvik Maurya , Abtin Molavi , Aws Albarghouthi , Swamit Tannu

We introduce fusion-based quantum computing (FBQC) - a model of universal quantum computation in which entangling measurements, called fusions, are performed on the qubits of small constant-sized entangled resource states. We introduce a…

Current fault-tolerant quantum computer (FTQC) architectures utilize several encoding techniques to enable reliable logical operations with restricted qubit connectivity. However, such logical operations demand additional memory overhead to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-15 Takumi Kobori , Yasunari Suzuki , Yosuke Ueno , Teruo Tanimoto , Synge Todo , Yuuki Tokunaga

It is widely recognized that quantum computing has profound impacts on multiple fields, including but not limited to cryptography, machine learning, materials science, etc. To run quantum algorithms, it is essential to develop scalable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Linghang Kong , Fang Zhang , Jianxin Chen

Quantum computing promises a new approach to solving difficult computational problems, and the quest of building a quantum computer has started. While the first attempts on construction were succesful, scalability has never been achieved,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-01 Alexandru Paler , Simon J. Devitt , Kae Nemoto , Ilia Polian

Digital quantum computers promise exponential speedups in performing quantum time-evolution, providing an opportunity to simulate quantum dynamics of complex systems in physics and chemistry. However, the task of extracting desired quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-10 Chong Hian Chee , Daniel Leykam , Adrian M. Mak , Kishor Bharti , Dimitris G. Angelakis

Quantum computing has made significant advancements in the last years in both hardware and software. Unfortunately, the currently available Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware is still heavily affected by noise. Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Tobias Forster , Nils Quetschlich , Robert Wille

Quantum error correction (QEC) is believed to be essential for the realization of large-scale quantum computers. However, due to the complexity of operating on the encoded `logical' qubits, understanding the physical principles for building…