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Leading autonomous vehicle (AV) platforms and testing infrastructures are, unfortunately, proprietary and closed-source. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate how well safety-critical AVs perform and how safe they truly are. Similarly, few…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-30 R. Spencer Hallyburton , Nate Zelter , David Hunt , Kristen Angell , Miroslav Pajic

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) have made huge progress and started on-road testing or even commercializing trials. ADS are complex and difficult to test: they receive input data from multiple sensors and make decisions using a combination…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tri Minh Triet Pham , Bo Yang , Jinqiu Yang

This paper presents the CAT Vehicle (Cognitive and Autonomous Test Vehicle) Testbed: a research testbed comprised of a distributed simulation-based autonomous vehicle, with straightforward transition to hardware in the loop testing and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Rahul Kumar Bhadani , Jonathan Sprinkle , Matthew Bunting

Autonomous driving has advanced significantly due to sensors, machine learning, and artificial intelligence improvements. However, prevailing methods struggle with intricate scenarios and causal relationships, hindering adaptability and…

Recent advancements in deep learning and the availability of high-quality real-world driving datasets have propelled end-to-end autonomous driving. Despite this progress, relying solely on real-world data limits the variety of driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jongsuk Kim , Jaeyoung Lee , Gyojin Han , Dongjae Lee , Minki Jeong , Junmo Kim

Connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) must simultaneously perform multiple tasks, such as object detection, semantic segmentation, depth estimation, trajectory prediction, motion prediction, and behaviour prediction, to ensure safe and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiayuan Wang , Farhad Pourpanah , Q. M. Jonathan Wu , Ning Zhang

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) will form the backbone of future next-generation intelligent transportation systems (ITS) providing travel comfort, road safety, along with a number of value-added services. Such a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Adnan Qayyum , Muhammad Usama , Junaid Qadir , Ala Al-Fuqaha

The rise of Virtual Reality (VR) has provided developers with an unprecedented platform for creating games and applications (apps) that require distinct inputs, different from those of conventional devices like smartphones. The Meta Quest…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-19 John Y. Kim , Chaoshun Zuo , Yanjie Zhao , Zhiqiang Lin

Deep-learning-based identity management systems, such as face authentication systems, are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However, existing attacks are typically designed for single-task purposes, which means they are tailored to exploit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Hanrui Wang , Shuo Wang , Cunjian Chen , Massimo Tistarelli , Zhe Jin

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) use complex decision-making (DM) models with multimodal sensory inputs, making rigorous validation and verification (V&V) essential for safety and reliability. These models pose challenges in diagnosing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Halit Eris , Stefan Wagner

Real-time Digital Twinning of physical world scenes onto the Metaverse is necessary for a myriad of applications such as augmented-reality (AR) assisted driving. In AR assisted driving, physical environment scenes are first captured by…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Terence Jie Chua , Wenhan Yu , Jun Zhao

Adversarial attacks play a pivotal role in testing and improving the reliability of deep learning (DL) systems. Existing literature has demonstrated that subtle perturbations to the input can elicit erroneous outcomes, thereby substantially…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jingyu Zhang , Jacky Wai Keung , Yan Xiao , Yihan Liao , Yishu Li , Xiaoxue Ma

Modern-day autonomous vehicles are increasingly becoming complex multidisciplinary systems composed of mechanical, electrical, electronic, computing and information sub-systems. Furthermore, the individual constituent technologies employed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Chinmay Vilas Samak , Tanmay Vilas Samak , Venkat Krovi

Obstacle detection is crucial to the operation of autonomous driving systems, which rely on multiple sensors, such as cameras and LiDARs, combined with code logic and deep learning models to detect obstacles for time-sensitive decisions.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Tri Minh-Triet Pham , Diego Elias Costa , Weiyi Shang , Jinqiu Yang

Autonomous Driving System (ADS) testing plays a crucial role in their development, with the current focus primarily on functional and safety testing. However, evaluating the non-functional morality of ADSs, particularly their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Wenbing Tang , Mingfei Cheng , Yuan Zhou , Yang Liu

Recent advances in deep learning have markedly improved autonomous driving (AD) models, particularly end-to-end systems that integrate perception, prediction, and planning stages, achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Tianyuan Zhang , Lu Wang , Jiaqi Kang , Xinwei Zhang , Siyuan Liang , Yuwei Chen , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

Discovering potential failures of an autonomous system is important prior to deployment. Falsification-based methods are often used to assess the safety of such systems, but the cost of running many accurate simulation can be high. The…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Marc R. Schlichting , Nina V. Boord , Anthony L. Corso , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are prone to revolutionise the transportation industry. However, they must be thoroughly tested to avoid safety violations. Simulation testing plays a crucial role in finding safety violations of Automated Driving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Victor Crespo-Rodriguez , Neelofar , Aldeida Aleti

With the recent development of autonomous vehicle technology, there have been active efforts on the deployment of this technology at different scales that include urban and highway driving. While many of the prototypes showcased have been…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-14 David Paz , Po-jung Lai , Nathan Chan , Yuqing Jiang , Henrik I. Christensen

As self-driving systems become better, simulating scenarios where the autonomy stack may fail becomes more important. Traditionally, those scenarios are generated for a few scenes with respect to the planning module that takes ground-truth…