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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an emerging standard designed to enable seamless interaction between Large Language Model (LLM) applications and external tools or resources. Within a short period, thousands of MCP services have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hao Song , Yiming Shen , Wenxuan Luo , Leixin Guo , Ting Chen , Jiashui Wang , Beibei Li , Xiaosong Zhang , Jiachi Chen

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from passive text generators to active reasoning agents capable of interacting with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a key standardized framework for dynamic tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xuanqi Gao , Siyi Xie , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with external tools through standardized interfaces like the Model Context Protocol (MCP). However, current MCP implementations face critical limitations: they typically require local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Arash Ahmadi , Sarah Sharif , Yaser M. Banad

Large Language Models (LLMs) with tool-calling capabilities have demonstrated remarkable potential in executing complex tasks through external tool integration. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized framework for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sarat Mudunuri , Jian Wan , Ally Qin , Srinivasan Manoharan

Background: Large language models (LLMs) show promise in medicine, but their deployment in hospitals is limited by restricted access to electronic health record (EHR) systems. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables integration between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Kanato Masayoshi , Masahiro Hashimoto , Ryoichi Yokoyama , Naoki Toda , Yoshifumi Uwamino , Shogo Fukuda , Ho Namkoong , Masahiro Jinzaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold immense promise for revolutionizing financial analysis and decision-making, yet their direct application is often hampered by issues of data hallucination and lack of access to real-time, verifiable…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yifan Zeng

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has recently gained increased attention within the AI community for providing a standardized way for large language models (LLMs) to interact with external tools and services, significantly enhancing their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihao Ding , Mufeng Zhu , Yao Liu

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a recently proposed interoperability standard that unifies how AI agents connect with external tools and data sources. By defining a set of common client-server message exchange clauses, MCP replaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nanzi Yang , Weiheng Bai , Kangjie Lu

Large language models are increasingly used as orchestrators of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), but MCP is built for software services with megabytes of memory and does not descend to the microcontrollers that dominate…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Dongxu Yang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has been proposed as a unifying standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools and resources, promising the same role for AI integration that HTTP and USB played for the Web and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hechuan Guo , Yongle Hao , Yue Zhang , Minghui Xu , Peizhuo Lv , Jiezhi Chen , Xiuzhen Cheng

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and the introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP) have significantly expanded LLM agents' capability to interact dynamically with external tools and APIs. However, existing tool…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Elias Lumer , Anmol Gulati , Vamse Kumar Subbiah , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , James A. Burke

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating fluent text but struggle to enforce external constraints because they generate tokens sequentially without explicit control mechanisms. GenCP addresses this limitation by combining LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Alexandre Bonlarron , Florian Régin , Elisabetta De Maria , Jean-Charles Régin

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) replaces static, developer-controlled API integrations with more dynamic, user-driven agent systems, which also introduces new security risks. As MCP adoption grows across community servers and major…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Herman Errico , Jiquan Ngiam , Shanita Sojan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an emerging open standard that defines a unified, bi-directional communication and dynamic discovery protocol between AI models and external tools or resources, aiming to enhance interoperability and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xinyi Hou , Yanjie Zhao , Shenao Wang , Haoyu Wang

The Model Context Protocol has emerged as a transformative standard for connecting large language models to external data sources and tools, rapidly gaining adoption across major AI providers and development platforms. However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Ziyang Luo , Zhiqi Shen , Wenzhuo Yang , Zirui Zhao , Prathyusha Jwalapuram , Amrita Saha , Doyen Sahoo , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Junnan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools to perform complex, realistic tasks, yet their ability to utilize the rapidly expanding Model Contextual Protocol (MCP) ecosystem remains limited. Existing MCP research covers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenhao Wang , Peizhi Niu , Zhao Xu , Zhaoyu Chen , Jian Du , Yaxin Du , Xianghe Pang , Keduan Huang , Yanfeng Wang , Qiang Yan , Siheng Chen

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning, planning, and tool usage. The recently proposed Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a unifying framework for integrating external tools…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yuanhe Zhang , Weiliu Wang , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Jie Zhang , Li Sun , Yang Liu , Sen Su

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models (LLMs) to access external resources on demand. While commonly assumed to enhance performance, how LLMs actually leverage this capability remains poorly understood. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wei Song , Haonan Zhong , Ziqi Ding , Jingling Xue , Yuekang Li

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into Agentic AI has established the Model Context Protocol (MCP) as the standard for connecting reasoning engines with external tools. Although this decoupled architecture fosters modularity, it…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yunhao Yao , Zhiqiang Wang , Haoran Cheng , Yihang Cheng , Haohua Du , Xiang-Yang Li

Although Foundation Models (FMs), such as GPT-4, are increasingly used in domains like finance and software engineering, reliance on textual interfaces limits these models' real-world interaction. To address this, FM providers introduced a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Emad Fallahzadeh , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan