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Ensuring safety alignment is a critical requirement for large language models (LLMs), particularly given increasing deployment in real-world applications. Despite considerable advancements, LLMs remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xin Yi , Yue Li , Dongsheng Shi , Linlin Wang , Xiaoling Wang , Liang He

Human spatiotemporal behavior simulation is critical for urban planning research, yet traditional rule-based and statistical approaches suffer from high computational costs, limited generalizability, and poor scalability. While large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yu Zhang , Yang Hu , De Wang

This survey investigates how classical software design patterns can enhance the reliability and scalability of communication in Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agentic AI systems, focusing particularly on the Model Context Protocol (MCP).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Anjana Sarkar , Soumyendu Sarkar

Detecting fake interactions in digital communication platforms remains a challenging and insufficiently addressed problem. These interactions may appear as harmless spam or escalate into sophisticated scam attempts, making it difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Ali Senol , Garima Agrawal , Huan Liu

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external tools and data. However, MCP servers often expose privileged capabilities, such as file system access, network requests, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

The deployment of Large Language Model (LLM)-generated SQL queries in Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) systems introduces critical security risks, as prompt injection attacks can manipulate LLMs into producing unauthorized queries…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Wonbae Kim , Hee-Kyong Yoo

LLM agents have begun to appear as personal assistants, customer service bots, and clinical aides. While these applications deliver substantial operational benefits, they also require continuous access to sensitive data, which increases the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Saswat Das , Jameson Sandler , Ferdinando Fioretto

Large language models hold considerable promise for supporting forensic investigations, but their widespread adoption is hindered by a lack of transparency, explainability, and reproducibility. This paper explores how the emerging Model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jan-Niclas Hilgert , Carlo Jakobs , Michael Külper , Martin Lambertz , Axel Mahr , Elmar Padilla

Large Language Model (LLM) agents face security vulnerabilities spanning AI-specific and traditional software domains, yet current research addresses these separately. This study bridges this gap through comparative evaluation of Function…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tarek Gasmi , Ramzi Guesmi , Ines Belhadj , Jihene Bennaceur

Air quality monitoring is central to environmental sustainability and public health, yet traditional systems remain difficult for non-expert users to interpret due to complex visualizations, limited interactivity, and high deployment costs.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yu-Erh Pan , Ayesha Siddika Nipu

While fine-tuning services drive the rapid expansion of task capabilities in large language models (LLMs), they are often accompanied by the degradation and reorganization of safety-aligned representations, making models more prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Bing Han , Feifei Zhao , Dongcheng Zhao , Guobin Shen , Ping Wu , Yu Shi , Yi Zeng

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant advancements in performance, various jailbreak attacks have posed growing safety and ethical risks. Malicious users often exploit adversarial context to deceive LLMs, prompting them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Jinhwa Kim , Ian G. Harris

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is rapidly emerging as the middleware for LLM-based applications, offering a standardized interface for tool integration. However, its built-in security mechanisms are minimal: while schemas and declarations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Biwei Yan , Yue Zhang , Minghui Xu , Hao Wu , Yechao Zhang , Kun Li , Guoming Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Current LLM agents are proficient at calling isolated APIs but struggle with the "last mile" of commercial software automation. In real-world scenarios, tools are not independent; they are atomic, interdependent, and prone to environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yuanyang Li , Xue Yang , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Hongyang Chen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a standard interface through which large language model (LLM) agents discover and invoke external tools. However, existing MCP evaluations fall short along three key axes: realistic multi-step…

LLMs' capabilities are enhanced by using function calls to integrate various data sources or API results into the context window. Typical tools include search, web crawlers, maps, financial data, file systems, and browser usage, etc.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Shiqing Fan , Xichen Ding , Liang Zhang , Linjian Mo

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models to invoke external tools through natural-language descriptions, forming the foundation of many AI agent applications. However, MCP does not enforce consistency between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zhihao Li , Boyang Ma , Xuelong Dai , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Biwei Yan , Kun Li

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers have rapidly emerged over the past year as a widely adopted way to enable Large Language Model (LLM) agents to access dynamic, real-world tools. As MCP servers proliferate and become easy to adopt via…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Pratyay Kumar , Miguel Antonio Guirao Aguilera , Srikathyayani Srikanteswara , Satyajayant Misra , Abu Saleh Md Tayeen

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate outstanding performance in their reservoir of knowledge and understanding capabilities, but they have also been shown to be prone to illegal or unethical reactions when subjected to jailbreak…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Fengxiang Wang , Ranjie Duan , Peng Xiao , Xiaojun Jia , Shiji Zhao , Cheng Wei , YueFeng Chen , Chongwen Wang , Jialing Tao , Hang Su , Jun Zhu , Hui Xue

Explicit modeling of capabilities and skills -- whether based on ontologies, Asset Administration Shells, or other technologies -- requires considerable manual effort and often results in representations that are not easily accessible to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Aljosha Köcher , Felix Gehlhoff