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Graph neural networks (GNN) are deep learning architectures for graphs. Essentially, a GNN is a distributed message passing algorithm, which is controlled by parameters learned from data. It operates on the vertices of a graph: in each…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Martin Grohe , Eran Rosenbluth

Graph Neural Networks (graph NNs) are a promising deep learning approach for analyzing graph-structured data. However, it is known that they do not improve (or sometimes worsen) their predictive performance as we pile up many layers and add…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Kenta Oono , Taiji Suzuki

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are frequently used for knowledge graph completion. Their black-box nature has motivated work that uses sound logical rules to explain predictions and characterise their expressivity. However, despite the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Matthew Morris , Ian Horrocks

Machine learning on graphs, especially using graph neural networks (GNNs), has seen a surge in interest due to the wide availability of graph data across a broad spectrum of disciplines, from life to social and engineering sciences. Despite…

Recently, the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) graph isomorphism test was used to measure the expressiveness of graph neural networks (GNNs), showing that the neighborhood aggregation GNNs were at most as powerful as 1-WL test in distinguishing graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Mingqi Yang , Yanming Shen , Heng Qi , Baocai Yin

Designing expressive Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is a central topic in learning graph-structured data. While numerous approaches have been proposed to improve GNNs in terms of the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) test, generally there is still a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Bohang Zhang , Shengjie Luo , Liwei Wang , Di He

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful graph-based deep-learning models that have gained significant attention and demonstrated remarkable performance in various domains, including natural language processing, drug discovery, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Jaykumar Kakkad , Jaspal Jannu , Kartik Sharma , Charu Aggarwal , Sourav Medya

We propose a Graph Neural Network with greater expressive power than commonly used GNNs - not constrained to only differentiate between graphs that Weisfeiler-Lehman test recognizes to be non-isomorphic. We use a graph attention network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Stanisław Purgał

Rule learning is critical to improving knowledge graph (KG) reasoning due to their ability to provide logical and interpretable explanations. Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with tail entity scoring achieve the state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Haiquan Qiu , Yongqi Zhang , Yong Li , Quanming Yao

The expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is often analysed via correspondence to the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) algorithm and fragments of first-order logic. Standard GNNs are limited to performing aggregation over immediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Huan Luo , Jonni Virtema

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for learning on structured data, yet the relationship between their expressivity and predictive performance remains unclear. We introduce a family of premetrics that capture different degrees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Sohir Maskey , Raffaele Paolino , Fabian Jogl , Gitta Kutyniok , Johannes F. Lutzeyer

Despite significant advances in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), their limited expressivity remains a fundamental challenge. Research on GNN expressivity has produced many expressive architectures, leading to architecture hierarchies with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yam Eitan , Moshe Eliasof , Yoav Gelberg , Fabrizio Frasca , Guy Bar-Shalom , Haggai Maron

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are an effective framework for representation learning of graphs. GNNs follow a neighborhood aggregation scheme, where the representation vector of a node is computed by recursively aggregating and transforming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Keyulu Xu , Weihua Hu , Jure Leskovec , Stefanie Jegelka

Various classes of Graph Neural Networks (GNN) have been proposed and shown to be successful in a wide range of applications with graph structured data. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework able to compare the expressive power…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Waïss Azizian , Marc Lelarge

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are the predominant approach for graph-based machine learning. While neural networks have shown great performance at learning useful representations, they are often criticized for their limited high-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Markus Zopf , Francesco Alesiani

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become the standard approach for learning and reasoning over relational data, leveraging the message-passing mechanism that iteratively propagates node embeddings through graph structures. While GNNs have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Wei Wang , Jiahao Zhang

Markov Logic Networks (MLNs), which elegantly combine logic rules and probabilistic graphical models, can be used to address many knowledge graph problems. However, inference in MLN is computationally intensive, making the industrial-scale…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Yuyu Zhang , Xinshi Chen , Yuan Yang , Arun Ramamurthy , Bo Li , Yuan Qi , Le Song

Despite their success in various domains, the growing dependence on GNNs raises a critical concern about the nature of the combinatorial reasoning underlying their predictions, which is often hidden within their black-box architectures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yue Niu , Zhaokai Sun , Jiayi Yang , Xiaofeng Cao , Rui Fan , Xin Sun , Hanli Wang , Wei Ye

Expressivity and generalization are two critical aspects of graph neural networks (GNNs). While significant progress has been made in studying the expressivity of GNNs, much less is known about their generalization capabilities,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Shouheng Li , Floris Geerts , Dongwoo Kim , Qing Wang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are deep learning architectures for machine learning problems on graphs. It has recently been shown that the expressiveness of GNNs can be characterised precisely by the combinatorial Weisfeiler-Leman algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Martin Grohe