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The nonstabilizerness, or magic, is an essential quantum resource to perform universal quantum computation. Robustness of magic (RoM) in particular characterizes the degree of usefulness of a given quantum state for non-Clifford operation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Hiroki Hamaguchi , Kou Hamada , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Magic or non-stabilizerness is a resource for quantum computing that has been extensively studied in qudit networks. It describes the degree to which Clifford gates cannot generate a given state, capturing the advantage of quantum over…

Magic is a property of quantum states that enables universal fault-tolerant quantum computing using simple sets of gate operations. Understanding the mechanisms by which magic is created or destroyed is, therefore, a crucial step towards…

Any quantum resource theory is based on free states and free operations, i.e., states and operations which can be created and performed at no cost. In the resource theory of coherence free states are diagonal in some fixed basis, and free…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-26 Julio I. de Vicente , Alexander Streltsov

Recent advances in quantum hardware are bringing fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) closer to reality. In the early stage of FTQC, however, the numbers of available logical qubits and high-fidelity $T$ gates remain limited, making it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Yuya O. Nakagawa , Yasunori Lee

In this work we improve the runtime of recent classical algorithms for strong simulation of quantum circuits composed of Clifford and T gates. The improvement is obtained by establishing a new upper bound on the stabilizer rank of $m$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-22 Hammam Qassim , Hakop Pashayan , David Gosset

An important question of quantum information is to characterize genuinely quantum (beyond-Clifford) resources necessary for universal quantum computing. Here, we use the Pauli spectrum to quantify how magic, beyond Clifford, typical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-03 Xhek Turkeshi , Anatoly Dymarsky , Piotr Sierant

Quantum magic, or nonstabilizerness, provides a crucial characterization of quantum systems, regarding the classical simulability with stabilizer states. In this work, we propose a novel and efficient algorithm for computing stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 Zejun Liu , Bryan K. Clark

Magic-state distillation (or non-stabilizer state manipulation) is a crucial component in the leading approaches to realizing scalable, fault-tolerant, and universal quantum computation. Related to non-stabilizer state manipulation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-11 Xin Wang , Mark M. Wilde , Yuan Su

In the realm of fault-tolerant quantum computing, stabilizer operations play a pivotal role, characterized by their remarkable efficiency in classical simulation. This efficiency sets them apart from non-stabilizer operations within the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Chengkai Zhu , Zhiping Liu , Chenghong Zhu , Xin Wang

We study the non-stabilizerness (quantum magic) content of the Hubbard dimer, an analytically solvable, yet completely non-trivial, model of strongly correlated fermions. We can access zero- and finite-temperature properties as well as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Edoardo Zavatti , Gabriele Bellomia , Massimo Capone

Entropies are fundamental measures of uncertainty with central importance in information theory and statistics and applications across all the quantitative sciences. Under a natural set of operational axioms, the most general form of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Roberto Rubboli , Erkka Haapasalo , Marco Tomamichel

In quantum computing, the nonstabilizerness of quantum operations is crucial for understanding and quantifying quantum speedups. In this study, we explore the phenomena of nonstabilizerness of the quantum SWITCH, a novel structure that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-31 Yin Mo , Chengkai Zhu , Zhiping Liu , Mingrui Jing , Xin Wang

We prove that the stabilizer fidelity is multiplicative for the tensor product of an arbitrary number of single-qubit states. We also show that the relative entropy of magic becomes additive if all the single-qubit states but one belong to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-27 Roberto Rubboli , Ryuji Takagi , Marco Tomamichel

Magic states are key ingredients in schemes to realize universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. Theories of magic states attempt to quantify this computational element via monotones and determine how these states may be efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-28 Nikolaos Koukoulekidis , David Jennings

We investigate the problem of evaluating the output probabilities of Clifford circuits with nonstabilizer product input states. First, we consider the case when the input state is mixed, and give an efficient classical algorithm to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-25 Kaifeng Bu , Dax Enshan Koh

The difficulty in manipulating quantum resources deterministically often necessitates the use of probabilistic protocols, but the characterization of their capabilities and limitations has been lacking. We develop a general approach to this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-22 Bartosz Regula

Quantum magic, which accounts for the non-stabilizer content of a state, is essential for universal quantum computation beyond classically simulable resources. We investigate the generation and evolution of quantum magic in discrete-time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Vikash Mittal , Yi-Ping Huang

Magic is a quantum resource essential for universal quantum computation and represents the deviation of quantum states from those that can be simulated efficiently using classical algorithms. Using the Stabilizer R\'enyi Entropy (SRE), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Qiaofeng Liu , Ian Low , Zhewei Yin

Non-stabilizerness is a key resource for fault-tolerant quantum computation, yet its interplay with entanglement in dynamical settings remains underexplored. We address this by analyzing a well-controlled, analytically tractable setup,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-25 Zong-Yue Hou , ChunJun Cao , Zhi-Cheng Yang