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Non-stabilizerness or magic resource characterizes the amount of non-Clifford operations needed to prepare quantum states. It is a crucial resource for quantum computing and a necessary condition for quantum advantage. However, quantifying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Tobias Haug , M. S. Kim

Nonstabilizerness, or `magic', is a critical quantum resource that, together with entanglement, characterizes the non-classical complexity of quantum states. Here, we address the problem of quantifying the average nonstabilizerness of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Guglielmo Lami , Tobias Haug , Jacopo De Nardis

We consider the costs and benefits of embedding the states of one quantum system within those of another. Such embeddings are ubiquitous, e.g., in error correcting codes and in symmetry-constrained systems. In particular we investigate the…

We prove that magic states from the Clifford hierarchy give optimal solutions for tasks involving nonlocality and entropic uncertainty with respect to Pauli measurements. For both the nonlocality and uncertainty tasks, stabilizer states are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-16 Mark Howard

The advent of quantum technologies brought forward much attention to the theoretical characterization of the computational resources they provide. A method to quantify quantum resources is to use a class of functions called magic monotones…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Arash Ahmadi , Eliska Greplova

Magic refers to the degree of "quantumness" in a system that cannot be fully described by stabilizer states and Clifford operations alone. In quantum computing, stabilizer states and Clifford operations can be efficiently simulated on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-29 Yuzhen Zhang , Yingfei Gu

Nonstabilizerness or `magic' is a crucial resource for quantum computers which can be distilled from noisy quantum states. However, determining the magic of mixed quantum has been a notoriously difficult task. Here, we provide efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Tobias Haug , Poetri Sonya Tarabunga

Magic states enable universal, fault-tolerant quantum computation within the stabilizer framework. Their non-stabilizerness supplies the resource needed to bypass the Eastin-Knill theorem while allowing fault-tolerant distillation. Although…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Muhammad Erew , Moshe Goldstein

Consumption of magic states promotes the stabilizer model of computation to universal quantum computation. Here, we propose three different classical algorithms for simulating such universal quantum circuits, and characterize them by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 James R. Seddon , Bartosz Regula , Hakop Pashayan , Yingkai Ouyang , Earl T. Campbell

Nonstabilizerness, or quantum magic, presents a valuable resource in quantum error correction and computation. We study the dynamics of locally injected magic in unitary Clifford circuits, where the total magic is conserved. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-27 Mircea Bejan , Pieter W. Claeys , Jiangtian Yao

Classical and quantum states can be distinguished by entanglement entropy, which can be viewed as a measure of quantum resources. Entanglement entropy also plays a pivotal role in understanding computational complexity in simulating quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-26 Jiale Huang , Xiangjian Qian , Mingpu Qin

Non-stabilizerness (colloquially "magic") characterizes genuinely quantum (beyond-Clifford) operations necessary for preparation of quantum states, and can be measured by stabilizer R\'enyi entropy (SRE). For permutationally symmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Tanausú Hernández-Yanes , Piotr Sierant , Jakub Zakrzewski , Marcin Płodzień

We introduce the Clifford entropy, a measure of how close an arbitrary unitary is to a Clifford unitary, which generalizes the stabilizer entropy for states. We show that this quantity vanishes if and only if a unitary is Clifford, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Gianluca Cuffaro , Matthew B. Weiss

We investigate how non-stabilizer resources enable the emergence of quantum state designs within the projected ensemble. Starting from initial states with finite magic and applying resource-free Clifford circuits to scramble them, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Hugo Lóio , Guglielmo Lami , Lorenzo Leone , Max McGinley , Xhek Turkeshi , Jacopo De Nardis

Quantum magic resources, or nonstabilizerness, are a central ingredient for universal quantum computation. In noisy many-body systems, the interplay between these resources and errors leads to sharp magic phase transitions. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Piotr Sierant , Xhek Turkeshi

Nonstabilizerness, or magic, constitutes a fundamental resource for quantum computation and a crucial ingredient for quantum advantage. Recent progress has substantially advanced the characterization of magic in many-body quantum systems,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Somnath Maity , Ryusuke Hamazaki

In quantum computing, non-stabilizerness -- the magic -- refers to the computational advantage of certain quantum states over classical computers and is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computation. Employing the second order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 Qiaofeng Liu , Ian Low , Zhewei Yin

A fundamental approach for the characterization and quantification of all kinds of resources is to study the conversion between different resource objects under certain constraints. Here we analyze, from a resource-non-specific standpoint,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-11 Zi-Wen Liu , Kaifeng Bu , Ryuji Takagi

Magic quantum states (non-stabilizer states) play a pivotal role in fault-tolerant quantum computation. Simultaneously, random resources have emerged as a key element in various randomized techniques within contemporary quantum science. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Christopher Vairogs , Bin Yan

Quantum simulation is a cornerstone application of quantum computing, yet how fundamental quantum resources--entanglement and non-stabilizerness (``magic")--shape simulation fidelity remains an open question. In this work, we establish a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Xiangran Zhang , Jue Xu , Qi Zhao , You Zhou