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While computer systems that allow users to interact through conversational natural language (i.e., chatbots) have existed for many years, varying types of applications advertising AI companionship (e.g., Character AI, Replika) have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Natalie Grace Brigham , Lucy Qin , Tadayoshi Kohno

With the progressive digitalisation of a majority of services to communities and individuals, humankind is facing new challenges. While energy sources are rapidly dwindling and rigorous choices have to be made to ensure the sustainability…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Birgitta Dresp-Langley

Chai empowers users to create and interact with customized chatbots, offering unique and engaging experiences. Despite the exciting prospects, the work recognizes the inherent challenges of a commitment to modern safety standards.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Xiaoding Lu , Aleksey Korshuk , Zongyi Liu , William Beauchamp

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare, enabling fast development of tools like stress monitors, wellness trackers, and mental health chatbots. However, rapid and low-barrier development can introduce risks of bias,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Xingmeng Zhao , Tongnian Wang , Dan Schumacher , Veronica Rammouz , Anthony Rios

Recent gains in popularity of AI conversational agents have led to their increased use for improving productivity and supporting well-being. While previous research has aimed to understand the risks associated with interactions with AI…

The past decade has been transformative for mental health research and practice. The ability to harness large repositories of data, whether from electronic health records (EHR), mobile devices, or social media, has revealed a potential for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Munmun De Choudhury , Sachin R. Pendse , Neha Kumar

Both the general public and academic communities have raised concerns about sycophancy, the phenomenon of artificial intelligence (AI) excessively agreeing with or flattering users. Yet, beyond isolated media reports of severe consequences,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Myra Cheng , Cinoo Lee , Pranav Khadpe , Sunny Yu , Dyllan Han , Dan Jurafsky

With the ongoing penetration of conversational user interfaces, a better understanding of social and emotional characteristic inherent to dialogue is required. Chatbots in particular face the challenge of conveying human-like behaviour…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Natascha Mariacher , Stephan Schlögl , Alexander Monz

Text-based online counselling scales across geographical and stigma barriers, yet faces practitioner shortages, lacks non-verbal cues and suffers inconsistent quality assurance. Whilst artificial intelligence offers promising solutions, its…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Philipp Steigerwald , Jennifer Burghardt , Eric Rudolph , Jens Albrecht

Despite growing recognition that responsible AI requires domain knowledge, current work on conversational AI primarily draws on clinical expertise that prioritises diagnosis and intervention. However, much of everyday emotional support…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Joel Wester , Samuel Rhys Cox , Henning Pohl , Niels van Berkel

Following the recent release of various Artificial Intelligence (AI) based Conversation Agents (CAs), adolescents are increasingly using CAs for interactive knowledge discovery on sensitive topics, including mental and sexual health topics.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Jinkyung Park , Vivek Singh , Pamela Wisniewski

Societal cognitive overload, driven by the deluge of information and complexity in the AI age, poses a critical challenge to human well-being and societal resilience. This paper argues that mitigating cognitive overload is not only…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Salem Lahlou

Generative artificial intelligence (Generative AI) is transforming healthcare. With this evolution comes optimism regarding the impact it will have on mental health, as well as concern regarding the risks that come with generative AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Hannah R. Lawrence , Shannon Wiltsey Stirman , Samuel Dorison , Taedong Yun , Megan Jones Bell

Recent reports on generative AI chatbot use raise concerns about its addictive potential. An in-depth understanding is imperative to minimize risks, yet AI chatbot addiction remains poorly understood. This study examines how to characterize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 M. Karen Shen , Jessica Huang , Olivia Liang , Ig-Jae Kim , Dongwook Yoon

Artificial intelligence (AI) companions are increasingly promoted as solutions for loneliness, often overlooking how personal dispositions and life-stage conditions shape artificial intimacy. Because intimacy is a primary coping mechanism…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Raffaele Ciriello , Uri Gal , Ofir Turel

Mental well-being technologies possess many qualities that give them the potential to help people receive assessment and treatment who may otherwise not receive help due to fear of stigma or lack of resources. The combination of advances in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Kieran Woodward , Eiman Kanjo , David Brown

LGBTQ+ community face disproportionate mental health challenges, including higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Research has shown that LGBTQ+ people have been using large language model-based chatbots, such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Yinru Long , Zilin Ma , Yiyang Mei , Zhaoyuan Su

Providing timely support and intervention is crucial in mental health settings. As the need to engage youth comfortable with texting increases, mental health providers are exploring and adopting text-based media such as chatbots,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Kellie Yu Hui Sim , Kohleen Tijing Fortuno , Kenny Tsu Wei Choo

This paper delves into the realm of ChatGPT, an AI-powered chatbot that utilizes topic modeling and reinforcement learning to generate natural responses. Although ChatGPT holds immense promise across various industries, such as customer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Xiaodong Wu , Ran Duan , Jianbing Ni

Conversational systems or chatbots are an example of AI-Infused Applications (AIIA). Chatbots are especially important as they are often the first interaction of clients with a business and are the entry point of a business into the AI…