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Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) chatbots built for mental health could deliver safe, personalized, and scalable mental health support. We evaluate a foundation model designed for mental health. Adults completed mental health…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Thomas D. Hull , Lizhe Zhang , Patricia A. Arean , Matteo Malgaroli

Individuals are turning to increasingly anthropomorphic, general-purpose chatbots for AI companionship, rather than roleplay-specific platforms. However, not much is known about how individuals perceive and conduct their relationships with…

A series of high-profile tragedies involving companion chatbots has triggered an unusually rapid regulatory response. Several jurisdictions, including Australia, California, and New York, have introduced enforceable regulation, while…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Henry Fraser , Jessica M. Szczuka , Raffaele F. Ciriello

AI chatbots are an emerging security attack vector, vulnerable to threats such as prompt injection, and rogue chatbot creation. When deployed in domains such as corporate security policy, they could be weaponized to deliver guidance that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Brandon Lit , Edward Crowder , Daniel Vogel , Hassan Khan

Large Language Model chatbots are increasingly taking the form and visage of human beings, adapting human faces, names, voices, personalities, and quirks, including those of celebrities and well-known political figures. Personifying AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Joshua Krook

Artificial intelligence (AI) is interacting with people at an unprecedented scale, offering new avenues for immense positive impact, but also raising widespread concerns around the potential for individual and societal harm. Today, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Andrea Bajcsy , Jaime F. Fisac

Millions of users form emotional attachments to AI companions like Character AI, Replika, and ChatGPT. When these relationships end through model updates, safety interventions, or platform shutdowns, users receive no closure, reporting…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Rachel Poonsiriwong , Chayapatr Archiwaranguprok , Pat Pataranutaporn

Mental health challenges among Indian adolescents are shaped by unique cultural and systemic barriers, including high social stigma and limited professional support. We report a mixed-methods study of Indian adolescents (survey n=362;…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Neil K. R. Sehgal , Hita Kambhamettu , Sai Preethi Matam , Lyle Ungar , Sharath Chandra Guntuku

Artificial intelligence (AI), although not able to currently capture the many complexities of humans, are slowly adapting to have certain capabilities of humans, many of which can revolutionize our world. AI systems, such as ChatGPT and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Jay Nemec

Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have permeated through an array of different immersive environments, including virtual, augmented, and mixed realities. AI brings a wealth of potential that centers on its ability to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Wangfan Li , Rohit Mallick , Carlos Toxtli-Hernandez , Christopher Flathmann , Nathan J. McNeese

This study presents a unique framework that applies and extends Solove (2006)'s taxonomy to address privacy concerns in interactions with text-based AI chatbots. As chatbot prevalence grows, concerns about user privacy have heightened.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Ece Gumusel , Kyrie Zhixuan Zhou , Madelyn Rose Sanfilippo

Chatbots, the common moniker for collaborative assistants, are Artificial Intelligence (AI) software that enables people to naturally interact with them to get tasks done. Although chatbots have been studied since the dawn of AI, they have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Biplav Srivastava , Kausik Lakkaraju , Tarmo Koppel , Vignesh Narayanan , Ashish Kundu , Sachindra Joshi

AI chatbots already function as de facto mental health support tools for millions of people, including people in crisis. Yet, they lack the clinical validation, shared standards, and coordinated oversight that their societal role demands.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Emily Saltz , Claire R. Leibowicz

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the increase of conversational agents like Replika, designed to provide social interaction and emotional support. However, reports of these AI systems engaging in inappropriate sexual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Mohammad , Namvarpour , Harrison Pauwels , Afsaneh Razi

Mental health problems are on the rise globally and strain national health systems worldwide. Mental disorders are closely associated with fear of stigma, structural barriers such as financial burden, and lack of available services and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Kieran Woodward , Eiman Kanjo , David Brown , T. M. McGinnity , Becky Inkster , Donald J Macintyre , Athanasios Tsanas

The use of large language model (LLM)-based AI chatbots among college students has increased rapidly, yet little is known about how individual psychological attributes shape students' interaction patterns with these technologies. This…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ziqi Lin , Taiyu Hou

Amidst the growing interest in developing task-autonomous AI for automated mental health care, this paper addresses the ethical and practical challenges associated with the issue and proposes a structured framework that delineates levels of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Declan Grabb , Max Lamparth , Nina Vasan

Since its viral emergence in early 2024, Comment Robert-a Weibo-launched social chatbot-has gained widespread attention on the Chinese Internet for its unsolicited and unpredictable comments on user posts. Unlike conventional chatbots that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Nuo Chen , Pu Yan , Jia Li , Qixuan Zhao

Artificial intelligence (AI) based learning assistants and chatbots are increasingly integrated into higher education. While these tools are often evaluated in terms of technical performance, their successful and ethical use also depends on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Ezgi Dağtekin , Ercan Erkalkan

Artificially intelligent chatbot, such as ChatGPT, represents a recent and powerful advancement in the AI domain. Users prefer them for obtaining quick and precise answers, avoiding the usual hassle of clicking through multiple links in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Seraj A. M. Mostafa , Md Z. Islam , Mohammad Z. Islam , Fairose Jeehan , Saujanna Jafreen , Raihan U. Islam