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We analyze the polarization structure of gravitational waves in the framework of Extended Relativity (ER), using the deviation tensor as the fundamental observable quantity. Starting from the point-source solution, we derive the radiation…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-05 Yaakov Friedman

Gravitational waves (GWs) distort galaxy shapes through the tidal effect, offering a novel avenue to probe the nature of gravity. In this paper, we investigate how extra GW polarizations beyond those predicted by general relativity imprint…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-10 Yusuke Mikura , Teppei Okumura , Misao Sasaki

Precision timing of highly stable milli-second pulsars is a promising technique for the detection of very low frequency sources of gravitational waves. In any single pulsar, a stochastic gravitational wave signal appears as an additional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-06-01 Neil J. Cornish , Laura M. Sampson

Space-based gravitational-wave observatories such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) use time-shifted and time-scaled linear combinations of differential laser-phase beat signals to cancel the otherwise overwhelming laser…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2013-05-30 Shawn J. Mitryk , Josep Sanjuan , Guido Mueller

In an effort to eliminate laser phase noise in laser interferometer spaceborne gravitational wave detectors, several combinations of signals have been found that allow the laser noise to be canceled out while gravitational wave signals…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-19 Neil J. Cornish , Ronald W. Hellings

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) suppresses laser frequency noise by forming linear combinations of time-shifted interferometric measurements. The time-shift operation is implemented by interpolating discretely sampled data. To enable…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-16 Martin Staab , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Olaf Hartwig , Aurélien Hees , Marc Lilley , Graham Woan , Peter Wolf

Laser frequency noise (LFN) is the dominant source of noise expected in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, at $\sim$7 orders of magnitude greater than the typical signal expected from gravitational waves (GWs).…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-10-13 Jessica Page , Tyson Littenberg

The determination of the polarization modes of gravitational waves (GWs) and their dispersion relations is a crucial task for scrutinizing the viability of extended theories of gravity. A tool to investigate the polarization states of GWs…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-03 Márcio E. S. Alves

The current design of space-based gravitational wave detectors utilizes heterodyne laser interferometry in inter-satellite science measurements. Frequency variations of the heterodyne beatnotes are predominantly caused by the Doppler effect…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-19 Lu Zheng , Shutao Yang , Xuefeng Zhang

Two polarization modes of gravitational wave are derived from the general relativity which are plus and cross modes. However, the alternative theories of gravity can yield the gravitational wave with up to six polarizations. Searching for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-17 Gang Wang , Wen-Biao Han

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is essential for space-based gravitational wave (GW) missions, as it suppresses laser frequency noise and achieve the required sensitivity. Beyond the standard Michelson configuration, a variety of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-05 Gang Wang

In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity to additional gravitational wave polarization modes of future detectors. We first look at the upcoming Einstein Telescope and its combination with existing or planned Earth-based detectors in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-08-20 Lionel Philippoz , Adrian Boîtier , Philippe Jetzer

Pulsar timing array (PTA) provides an excellent opportunity to detect the gravitational waves (GWs) in nanoHertz frequency band. In particular, due to the larger number of "arms" in PTA, it can be used to test gravity by probing the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-03-29 Rui Niu , Wen Zhao

Raw space-based gravitational-wave data like LISA's phase measurements are dominated by laser frequency noise. The standard technique to make this data usable for science is time-delay interferometry (TDI), which cancels laser noise terms…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-12 Quentin Baghi , John G. Baker , Jacob Slutsky , James Ira Thorpe

In the theories with extra dimensions, gravitational waves can leak into extra dimensions, resulting in a reduction in the amplitude of the observed gravitational waves. Such an effect modifies the standard luminosity distance of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-10 Xu-Jie Zhu , Ji-Yu Song , Tao Zhu , Xin Zhang

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), an ESA L-class mission, is designed to detect gravitational waves in the millihertz frequency band, with operations expected to begin in the next decade. LISA will enable studies of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-31 Niklas Houba , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Michele Vallisneri

In this review we examine the amplitude intensity associated to tensorial and non-tensorial polarization modes generated by binary systems at their inspiral stage, within the alternative theories of gravity of Brans Dicke, Rosen, and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-31 Alejandro Casallas-Lagos , Claudia Moreno , Javier M. Antelis , Rafael Hernández-Jiménez

In General Relativity, there are only two polarizations for gravitational waves. However, up to six polarizations are possible in a generic metric theory of gravity. Therefore, measuring the polarization content of gravitational waves…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-04-12 Jierui Hu , Dicong Liang , Lijing Shao

In some beyond-Einstein theories of gravity, gravitational waves can contain up to six polarizations, which are allowed to propagate at different speeds faster than light. These different propagation speeds imply that polarizations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-31 Kristen Schumacher , Colm Talbot , Daniel E. Holz , Nicolás Yunes

Gravitational waves are perturbations of the metric of space-time. Six polarizations are possible, although general relativity predicts that only two such polarizations, tensor plus and tensor cross are present for gravitational waves. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-05-16 Dicong Liang , Yungui Gong , Alan J. Weinstein , Chao Zhang , Chunyu Zhang