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TDI is essential in space-based GW detectors, effectively reducing laser noise and improving detection precision. Space-based GW detectors provide a unique opportunity to probe GW polarizations, including possible additional modes that may…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-31 Jie Wu , Mengfei Sun , Jin Li

The space-based gravitational-wave observatory LISA relies on a form of synthetic interferometry (time-delay interferometry, or TDI) where the otherwise overwhelming laser phase noise is canceled by linear combinations of appropriately…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-04-28 Michele Vallisneri , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Stanislav Babak , Antoine Petiteau

Time delay interferometry (TDI) is a key technique employed in gravitational wave (GW) space missions to mitigate laser frequency noise by combining multiple laser links and establishing an equivalent equal arm interferometry. The null…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-10 Gang Wang

Spaceborne gravitational-wave observatories utilize a postprocessing technique known as time-delay interferometry (TDI) to reduce the otherwise overwhelming laser frequency noise by around 8 orders of magnitude. While, in its traditional…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-11 Kohei Yamamoto , Jan Niklas Reinhardt , Olaf Hartwig

With a laser interferometric gravitational-wave detector in separate free flying spacecraft, the only way to achieve detection is to mitigate the dominant noise arising from the frequency fluctuations of the lasers via postprocessing. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-27 Quentin Baghi , John Baker , Jacob Slutsky , James Ira Thorpe

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the one-way Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. In a previous…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-18 Massimo Tinto , Sanjeev Dhurandhar

The detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory opens a new era to use gravitational waves to test alternative theories of gravity. We investigate the polarizations of gravitational waves in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-04-02 Yungui Gong , Shaoqi Hou

The detection of gravitational wave signals by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo enables us to probe the polarization content of gravitational waves. In general relativity, only tensor modes are present, while in a variety of alternative…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-06-05 Peter T. H. Pang , Rico K. L. Lo , Isaac C. F. Wong , Tjonnie G. F. Li , Chris Van Den Broeck

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the heterodyne Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. The space of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-26 Massimo Tinto , Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Dishari Malakar

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is a crucial technology for space-based gravitational wave detectors. Previous studies have identified the optimal TDI configuration for the first-generation. In this research, we used an Algebraic approach…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-28 Yu Tian , Zhi-Xiang Li

Time Delay Interferometry (TDI) is an indispensable step in the whole data processing procedure of space-based gravitational wave detection, as it mitigates the overwhelming laser frequency noise, which would otherwise completely bury the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-30 Minghui Du , Pengzhan Wu , Ziren Luo , Peng Xu

Space-borne interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, sensitive in the low-frequency (mHz) band, will fly in the next decade. In these detectors, the spacecraft-to-spacecraft light-travel times will necessarily be unequal and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Massimo Tinto , Michele Vallisneri , J. W. Armstrong

In general relativity, a gravitational wave has two polarization modes (tensor mode), but it could have additional polarizations (scalar and vector modes) in the early stage of the universe, where the general relativity may not strictly…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-20 Atsushi Nishizawa , Atsushi Taruya , Seiji Kawamura

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the one-way Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. By taking finite…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-11 Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Prasanna Joshi , Massimo Tinto

A crucial challenge to the ongoing endeavor of spaceborne gravitational wave (GW) detection resides in the laser phase noise, typically 7 to 8 orders of magnitude above the inevitable noise. The arm locking technique was proposed to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-07 Pan-Pan Wang , Wei-Liang Qian , Han-Zhong Wu , Yu-Jie Tan , Cheng-Gang Shao

For the first time, we have introduced the Tetrahedron Constellation of Gravitational Wave Observatory (TEGO) composed of four identical spacecrafts (S/Cs). The laser telescopes and their pointing structures are mounted on the S/C platform…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-27 Hong-Bo Jin , Cong-Feng Qiao

General Relativity predicts only two tensor polarization modes for gravitational waves while at most six possible polarization modes are allowed in general metric theory of gravity. The number of polarization modes is determined by the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-08 Chao Zhang , Yungui Gong , Dicong Liang , Chunyu Zhang

In this paper we quantify the ability of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) to test the presence of non-tensorial polarizations as well as modifications to the tensor ones in gravitational waves emitted from massive black hole…

The direct detection of gravitational waves provides the opportunity to measure fundamental aspects of gravity which have never been directly probed before, including the polarization of gravitational waves. In the context of searches for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-08-18 Maximiliano Isi , Matthew Pitkin , Alan J. Weinstein

There exist six possible polarization modes of gravitational waves in general metric theory of gravity, while two tensor polarization modes are allowed in general relativity. The properties and number of polarization modes depend on gravity…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-08-28 Hiroki Takeda , Atsushi Nishizawa , Koji Nagano , Yuta Michimura , Kentaro Komori , Masaki Ando , Kazuhiro Hayama