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This study consists of a novel approach toward the analysis of court judgments spanning five countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Rwanda, Sweden and Hong Kong. This study also explores the intersection of the latest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Michael De'Shazer

The context window of large language models (LLMs) has been extended significantly in recent years. However, while the context length that the LLM can process has grown, the capability of the model to accurately reason over that context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Huayang Li , Pat Verga , Priyanka Sen , Bowen Yang , Vijay Viswanathan , Patrick Lewis , Taro Watanabe , Yixuan Su

In legal practice, judges apply the trichotomous dogmatics of criminal law, sequentially assessing the elements of the offense, unlawfulness, and culpability to determine whether an individual's conduct constitutes a crime. Although current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Kepu Zhang , Haoyue Yang , Xu Tang , Weijie Yu , Jun Xu

Given the fact of a case, Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) involves a series of sub-tasks such as predicting violated law articles, charges and term of penalty. We propose leveraging a unified text-to-text Transformer for LJP, where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Yunyun Huang , Xiaoyu Shen , Chuanyi Li , Jidong Ge , Bin Luo

This paper presents an early exploration of reinforcement learning methodologies for legal AI in the Indian context. We introduce Reinforcement Learning-based Legal Reasoning (ReGal), a framework that integrates Multi-Task Instruction…

This paper presents CaseGPT, an innovative approach that combines Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) technology to enhance case-based reasoning in the healthcare and legal sectors. The system addresses the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Rui Yang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into real-world decision-making systems, understanding their behavioural vulnerabilities remains a critical challenge for AI safety and alignment. While existing evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Lili Zhang , Haomiaomiao Wang , Long Cheng , Libao Deng , Tomas Ward

Recently, large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, LLaMA, and Claude have prevailed in countless domains, including legal scenarios. With LLMs' rapid technological progress, the development of prompt engineering (PE) as an interface…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Xiao Peng , Liang Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive ability in handling reasoning tasks. However, unlike humans who can instinctively adapt their problem-solving strategies to the complexity of task, most LLM-based methods adopt a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jianpeng Zhou , Wanjun Zhong , Yanlin Wang , Jiahai Wang

The automatic evaluation of natural language generation (NLG) systems presents a long-lasting challenge. Recent studies have highlighted various neural metrics that align well with human evaluations. Yet, the robustness of these evaluators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yiming Chen , Chen Zhang , Danqing Luo , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Robby T. Tan , Haizhou Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in high-stakes fields where their decisions impact rights and equity. However, LLMs' judicial fairness and implications for social justice remain underexplored. When LLMs act as judges, the…

Insensitivity to semantically-preserving variations of prompts (paraphrases) is crucial for reliable behavior and real-world deployment of large language models. However, language models exhibit significant performance degradation when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Tingchen Fu , Fazl Barez

Large language model (LLM)-based judges are widely adopted for automated evaluation and reward modeling, yet their judgments are often affected by judgment biases. Accurately evaluating these biases is essential for ensuring the reliability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Hongli Zhou , Hui Huang , Rui Zhang , Kehai Chen , Bing Xu , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao , Muyun Yang

Efficiently modeling and exploiting opponents is a long-standing challenge in adversarial domains. Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on extensive textual data have recently demonstrated outstanding performance in general tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Shuai Xu , Sijia Cui , Yanna Wang , Bo Xu , Qi Wang

Off-policy problems such as policy staleness and training--inference mismatch have become a major bottleneck for training stability and further exploration in LLM RL. The distribution gap between the inference and updated policies grows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chenlu Ye , Xuanchang Zhang , Yifan Hao , Zhou Yu , Ziji Zhang , Abhinav Gullapalli , Hao Chen , Jing Huang , Tong Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning abilities in mathematical tasks, often enhanced through reinforcement learning (RL). However, RL-trained models frequently produce unnecessarily long reasoning traces -- even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jinyan Su , Claire Cardie

With the development of deep learning, natural language processing technology has effectively improved the efficiency of various aspects of the traditional judicial industry. However, most current efforts focus on tasks within individual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zhitao He , Pengfei Cao , Chenhao Wang , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Jiexin Xu , Huaijun Li , Xiaojian Jiang , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for alignment typically relies on supervised fine-tuning or reinforcement learning from human feedback, both limited by the cost and scarcity of high-quality annotations. Recent self-play and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shiguang Wu , Yaqing Wang , Quanming Yao

Existing LLM-as-a-Judge systems suffer from three fundamental limitations: limited adaptivity to task- and domain-specific evaluation criteria, systematic biases driven by non-semantic cues such as position, length, format, and model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Bo Yang , Lanfei Feng , Yunkui Chen , Yu Zhang , Xiao Xu , Shijian Li

In this paper, we tackle the emerging challenge of unintended harmful content generation in Large Language Models (LLMs) with a novel dual-stage optimisation technique using adversarial fine-tuning. Our two-pronged approach employs an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Charles O'Neill , Jack Miller , Ioana Ciuca , Yuan-Sen Ting , Thang Bui