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Mainstream methods for Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) based on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) heavily rely on the statistical correlation between case facts and judgment results. This paradigm lacks explicit modeling of legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuzhi Liang , Lixiang Ma , Xinrong Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across diverse domains, yet they still encounter challenges such as insufficient domain-specific knowledge, biases, and hallucinations. This underscores the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Hongliu Cao , Ilias Driouich , Robin Singh , Eoin Thomas

This paper introduces a Korean legal judgment prediction (LJP) dataset for insurance disputes. Successful LJP models on insurance disputes can benefit insurance companies and their customers. It can save both sides' time and money by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Alice Saebom Kwak , Cheonkam Jeong , Ji Weon Lim , Byeongcheol Min

Current research in LLM-based simulation systems lacks comprehensive solutions for modeling real-world court proceedings, while existing legal language models struggle with dynamic courtroom interactions. We present AgentCourt, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Guhong Chen , Liyang Fan , Zihan Gong , Nan Xie , Zixuan Li , Ziqiang Liu , Chengming Li , Qiang Qu , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) has emerged as a key area in AI for law, aiming to automate judicial outcome forecasting and enhance interpretability in legal reasoning. While previous approaches in the Indian context have relied on…

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite extensive pretraining on broad internet corpora, often struggle to adapt effectively to specialized domains. There is growing interest in fine-tuning these models for such domains; however, progress is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Vincent Grari , Ciprian Tomoiaga , Sylvain Lamprier , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Marcin Detyniecki

The research field of Legal Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been very active recently, with Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) becoming one of the most extensively studied tasks. To date, most publicly released LJP datasets originate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Gil Semo , Dor Bernsohn , Ben Hagag , Gila Hayat , Joel Niklaus

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used more and more extensively for automated evaluation in various scenarios. Previous studies have attempted to fine-tune open-source LLMs to replicate the evaluation explanations and judgments of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Kaishuai Xu , Tiezheng Yu , Wenjun Hou , Yi Cheng , Liangyou Li , Xin Jiang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Wenjie Li

Automatic judgment prediction aims to predict the judicial results based on case materials. It has been studied for several decades mainly by lawyers and judges, considered as a novel and prospective application of artificial intelligence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Shangbang Long , Cunchao Tu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) has become increasingly important in the legal field. In this paper, we identify that existing large language models (LLMs) have significant problems of insufficient reasoning due to a lack of legal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Xinyu Yang , Chenlong Deng , Zhicheng Dou

Given the fact description text of a legal case, legal judgment prediction (LJP) aims to predict the case's charge, law article and penalty term. A core problem of LJP is how to distinguish confusing legal cases, where only subtle text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Leilei Gan , Baokui Li , Kun Kuang , Yating Zhang , Lei Wang , Luu Anh Tuan , Yi Yang , Fei Wu

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) has become a core benchmark for evaluating AI in the criminal legal domain, but it only sees criminal cases that have already passed prosecutorial review and been formally indicted. As a result, LJP leaves a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Junyu Lu , Qi Wei , Peishuo Zheng , Jie Zhang , Hui Huang , Qianru Wang , Chuan Xiao , Jianbin Qin , Shuyuan Zheng

Evaluating large language model (LLM) outputs in the legal domain presents unique challenges due to the complex and nuanced nature of legal analysis. Current evaluation approaches either depend on reference data, which is costly to produce,…

In the rapidly evolving field of legal analytics, finding relevant cases and accurately predicting judicial outcomes are challenging because of the complexity of legal language, which often includes specialized terminology, complex syntax,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Dong Shu , Haoran Zhao , Xukun Liu , David Demeter , Mengnan Du , Yongfeng Zhang

The justice system has increasingly employed AI techniques to enhance efficiency, yet limitations remain in improving the quality of decision-making, particularly regarding transparency and explainability needed to uphold public trust in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Cong Jiang , Xiaolei Yang

The assessment of explainability in Legal Judgement Prediction (LJP) systems is of paramount importance in building trustworthy and transparent systems, particularly considering the reliance of these systems on factors that may lack legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Santosh T. Y. S. S , Nina Baumgartner , Matthias Stürmer , Matthias Grabmair , Joel Niklaus

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being integrated into professional domains, yet their limitations in such high-stakes fields as law remain poorly understood. In response, this paper introduces examples of critical challenges to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Eljas Linna , Tuula Linna

Legal judgment generation is a critical task in legal intelligence. However, existing research in legal judgment generation has predominantly focused on first-instance trials, relying on static fact-to-verdict mappings while neglecting the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hongkun Yang , Lionel Z. Wang , Wei Fan , Yiran Hu , Lixu Wang , Chenyu Liu , Yu Zeng , Shenghong Fu , Lei Gong , Zhengxin Zhang , Haoyang Li , Jiexin Zheng , Xin Xu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve higher performance on challenging reasoning tasks by generating more tokens at inference time, but this verbosity often wastes computation on easy problems. Existing solutions, including supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Violet Xiang , Chase Blagden , Rafael Rafailov , Nathan Lile , Sang Truong , Chelsea Finn , Nick Haber

Human preference alignment is essential to improve the interaction quality of large language models (LLMs). Existing alignment methods depend on manually annotated preference data to guide the LLM optimization directions. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Pengyu Cheng , Yifan Yang , Jian Li , Yong Dai , Tianhao Hu , Peixin Cao , Nan Du , Xiaolong Li