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Ideal or real - that is the question.In this work, we explore whether principles from game theory can be effectively applied to the evaluation of large language models (LLMs). This inquiry is motivated by the growing inadequacy of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Gao Yang , Yuhang Liu , Siyu Miao , Xinyue Liang , Zhengyang Liu , Heyan Huang

The Linear Assignment Problem (LAP) is a fundamental combinatorial optimization task with applications ranging from computer vision to logistics. Classical exact solvers such as the Hungarian and Jonker-Volgenant (LAPJV) algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ilay Yavlovich , Jad Agbaria , Muhamed Mhamed , Jose Yallouz , Nir Weinberger

Legal judgments may contain errors due to the complexity of case circumstances and the abstract nature of legal concepts, while existing appellate review mechanisms face efficiency pressures from a surge in case volumes. Although current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yifei Li , Richong Zhang , Wanyu Tu , Zhijie Nie , Haokun Luo , Chuantao Yin , Pengchong Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained prominence in the field of Legal Intelligence, offering potential applications in assisting legal professionals and laymen. However, the centralized training of these Legal LLMs raises data privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Linan Yue , Qi Liu , Yichao Du , Weibo Gao , Ye Liu , Fangzhou Yao

In this study, we explore the fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) to better support policymakers in their crucial work of understanding, analyzing, and crafting legal regulations. To equip the model with a deep understanding of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 One Octadion , Bondan Sapta Prakoso , Nanang Yudi Setiawan , Novanto Yudistira

We present NanoFlux, a novel adversarial framework for generating targeted training data to improve LLM reasoning, where adversarially-generated datasets containing fewer than 200 examples outperform conventional fine-tuning approaches. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Raviteja Anantha , Soheil Hor , Teodor Nicola Antoniu , Layne C. Price

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) perform complex tasks through long-horizon reasoning and tool interaction, where a fundamental trade-off arises between execution efficiency and reasoning robustness. Models at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Wenbo Gao , Renxi Liu , Xian Wang , Fang Guo , Shuai Yang , Xi Chen , Hui-Ling Zhen , Hanting Chen , Weizhe Lin , Xiaosong Li , Yaoyuan Wang

Long-sequence decision-making, which is usually addressed through reinforcement learning (RL), is a critical component for optimizing strategic operations in dynamic environments, such as real-time bidding in computational advertising. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Xiaowei Lv , Zhilin Zhang , Yijun Li , Yusen Huo , Siyuan Ju , Xuyan Li , Chunxiang Hong , Tianyu Wang , Yongcai Wang , Peng Sun , Chuan Yu , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable proficiency in semantic understanding, they often struggle to ensure structural consistency and reasoning reliability in complex decision-making tasks that demand rigorous logic.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Hongjia Wu , Shuai Zhou , Hongxin Zhang , Wei Chen

Evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is increasingly expensive, as the growing size and cross-modality complexity of benchmarks demand significant scoring efforts. To tackle with this difficulty, we introduce AutoJudger, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xuanwen Ding , Chengjun Pan , Zejun Li , Jiwen Zhang , Siyuan Wang , Zhongyu Wei

To keep pace with the increasing pace of large language models (LLM) development, model output evaluation has transitioned away from time-consuming human evaluation to automatic evaluation, where LLMs themselves are tasked with assessing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Austin Xu , Yilun Zhou , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

Adversarial training provides a principled approach for training robust neural networks. From an optimization perspective, adversarial training is essentially solving a bilevel optimization problem. The leader problem is trying to learn a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Haoming Jiang , Zhehui Chen , Yuyang Shi , Bo Dai , Tuo Zhao

Equipping large language models (LLMs) with search engines via reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as an effective approach for building search agents. However, overreliance on search introduces unnecessary cost and risks exposure to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Tzu-Han Lin , Wei-Lin Chen , Chen-An Li , Hung-yi Lee , Yun-Nung Chen , Yu Meng

The effective training and evaluation of retrieval systems require a substantial amount of relevance judgments, which are traditionally collected from human assessors -- a process that is both costly and time-consuming. Large Language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hossein A. Rahmani , Emine Yilmaz , Nick Craswell , Bhaskar Mitra

We propose an adversarial deep reinforcement learning (ADRL) algorithm for high-dimensional stochastic control problems. Inspired by the information relaxation duality, ADRL reformulates the control problem as a min-max optimization between…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-03 Nan Chen , Mengzhou Liu , Xiaoyan Wang , Nanyi Zhang

Legal text classification is a fundamental NLP task in the legal domain. Benchmark datasets in this area often exhibit a long-tail label distribution, where many labels are underrepresented, leading to poor model performance on rare…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Boheng Mao

Automating the drafting of judgment documents is pivotal to judicial efficiency, yet it remains challenging due to the dual requirements of comprehensive retrieval of legal information and rigorous logical reasoning. Existing approaches,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Weihang Su , Xuanyi Chen , Yueyue Wu , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) aims to function as a judge by making final rulings based on case claims and facts, which plays a vital role in the judicial domain for supporting court decision-making and improving judicial efficiency.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Weijie Shi , Han Zhu , Jiaming Ji , Mengze Li , Jipeng Zhang , Ruiyuan Zhang , Jia Zhu , Jiajie Xu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Against the backdrop of rapid advances in artificial intelligence, legal argument mining has emerged as an important research area linking legal texts with intelligent analysis, carrying significant theoretical and practical implications.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xianglei Liao , Chuanyi Li , Kun Chen
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