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In the polluted modified bootstrap percolation model, sites in the square lattice are independently initially occupied with probability $p$ or closed with probability $q$. A site becomes occupied at a subsequent step if it is not closed and…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Janko Gravner , Alexander Holroyd , Sangchul Lee , David Sivakoff

In $r$-neighbour bootstrap percolation, vertices (sites) of a graph $G$ are infected, round-by-round, if they have $r$ neighbours already infected. Once infected, they remain infected. An initial set of infected sites is said to percolate…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-11 Ivailo Hartarsky

We study the activation process in undirected graphs known as bootstrap percolation: a vertex is active either if it belongs to a set of initially activated vertices or if at some point it had at least r active neighbors, for a threshold r…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-11-18 Daniel Freund , Matthias Poloczek , Daniel Reichman

The $r$-edge bootstrap percolation on a graph is an activation process of the edges. The process starts with some initially activated edges and then, in each round, any inactive edge whose one of endpoints is incident to at least $r$ active…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-12 Meysam Miralaei , Ali Mohammadian , Behruz Tayfeh-Rezaie

This paper is dedicated to the study of the interaction between dynamical systems and percolation models, with views towards the study of viral infections whose virus mutate with time. Recall that r-bootstrap percolation describes a…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-04-08 Yuyuan Luo , Laura P. Schaposnik

We study atypical behavior in bootstrap percolation on the Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi random graph. Initially a set $S$ is infected. Other vertices are infected once at least $r$ of their neighbors become infected. Janson et al. (2012) locates the…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Omer Angel , Brett Kolesnik

Given a hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$, the $\mathcal{H}$-bootstrap process starts with an initial set of infected vertices of $\mathcal{H}$ and, at each step, a healthy vertex $v$ becomes infected if there exists a hyperedge of $\mathcal{H}$ in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-08 Natasha Morrison , Jonathan A. Noel

In this paper, we study the k-neighbor bootstrap percolation process on the d-dimensional grid [n]^d, and show that the minimum number of initial vertices that percolate is (1-d/k)n^d + O(n^{d-1})$ when d<=k<=2d. This confirms a conjecture…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-09-05 Hao Huang , Choongbum Lee

We consider the $r$-neighbor bootstrap percolation process on the graph with vertex set $V=\{0,1\}^n$ and edges connecting the pairs at Hamming distance $1,2,\dots,k$, where $k\ge 2$. We find asymptotics of the critical probability of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-26 Fengxing Zhu

Metastability thresholds lie at the heart of bootstrap percolation theory. Yet proving precise lower bounds is notoriously hard. We show that for two of the most classical models, two-neighbour and Frob\"ose, upper bounds are sharp to…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-04-12 Ivailo Hartarsky , Augusto Teixeira

In \emph{$k$-bootstrap percolation}, we fix $p\in (0,1)$, an integer $k$, and a plane graph $G$. Initially, we infect each face of $G$ independently with probability $p$. Infected faces remain infected forever, and if a healthy (uninfected)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-18 Neal Bushaw , Daniel W. Cranston

We investigate bootstrap percolation with infection threshold $r> 1$ on the binomial $k$-uniform random hypergraph $H_k(n,p)$ in the regime $n^{-1}\ll n^{k-2}p \ll n^{-1/r}$, when the initial set of infected vertices is chosen uniformly at…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-04-25 Mihyun Kang , Christoph Koch , Tamás Makai

The bootstrap percolation (or threshold model) is a dynamic process modelling the propagation of an epidemic on a graph, where inactive vertices become active if their number of active neighbours reach some threshold. We study an…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2015-01-19 Alberto Guggiola , Guilhem Semerjian

Several concepts that model processes of spreading (of information, disease, objects, etc.) in graphs or networks have been studied. In many contexts, we assume that some vertices of a graph $G$ are contaminated initially, before the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-03 Boštjan Brešar , Tanja Dravec , Aysel Erey , Jaka Hedžet

We consider a classic model known as bootstrap percolation on the $n \times n$ square grid. To each vertex of the grid we assign an initial state, infected or healthy, and then in consecutive rounds we infect every healthy vertex that has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-11-06 Fabricio Benevides , Michał Przykucki

In majority bootstrap percolation on a graph G, an infection spreads according to the following deterministic rule: if at least half of the neighbours of a vertex v are already infected, then v is also infected, and infected vertices remain…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 József Balogh , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris

Graph bootstrap percolation is a deterministic cellular automaton which was introduced by Bollob\'as in 1968, and is defined as follows. Given a graph $H$, and a set $G \subset E(K_n)$ of initially `infected' edges, we infect, at each time…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-11-27 József Balogh , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris

Graph bootstrap percolation is a discrete-time process capturing the spread of a virus on the edges of $K_n$. Given an initial set $G\subseteq K_n$ of infected edges, the transmission of the virus is governed by a fixed graph $H$: in each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-17 David Fabian , Patrick Morris , Tibor Szabó

In standard bootstrap percolation, a subset A of the n x n grid is initially infected. A new site is then infected if at least two of its neighbours are infected, and an infected site stays infected forever. The set A is said to percolate…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-10-14 Robert Morris

Consider a $p$-random subset $A$ of initially infected vertices in the discrete cube $[L]^d$, and assume that the neighbourhood of each vertex consists of the $a_i$ nearest neighbours in the $\pm e_i$-directions for each $i \in \{1,2,\dots,…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-01-25 Daniel Blanquicett