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Readability is a key concept in the current era of abundant written information. To help making texts more readable and make information more accessible to everyone, a line of researched aims at making texts accessible for their target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Rémi Cardon , A. Seza Doğruöz

Ensuring text accessibility and understandability are essential goals, particularly for individuals with cognitive impairments and intellectual disabilities, who encounter challenges in accessing information across various mediums such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Paloma Martínez , Lourdes Moreno , Alberto Ramos

We introduce generative interpretation, a new approach to estimating contractual meaning using large language models. As AI triumphalism is the order of the day, we proceed by way of grounded case studies, each illustrating the capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Yonathan A. Arbel , David Hoffman

AI systems are increasingly governed by natural language principles, yet a key challenge arising from reliance on language remains underexplored: interpretive ambiguity. As in legal systems, ambiguity arises both from how these principles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Luxi He , Nimra Nadeem , Michel Liao , Howard Chen , Danqi Chen , Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar , Peter Henderson

Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms have become ubiquitous. Although they offer a wide range of benefits, their adoption in decision-critical fields is limited by their lack of interpretability, particularly with textual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Diego Antognini

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tool learning. In real-world scenarios, user queries are often ambiguous and incomplete, requiring effective clarification. However, existing interactive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xuan Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Zhe Zheng , Linjuan Wu , Wenqi Zhang , Yuchen Yan , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weiming Lu

The process of annotating data within the legal sector is filled with distinct challenges that differ from other fields, primarily due to the inherent complexities of legal language and documentation. The initial task usually involves…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Harshil Darji , Jelena Mitrović , Michael Granitzer

In recent years, thanks to breakthroughs in neural network techniques especially attentive deep learning models, natural language processing has made many impressive achievements. However, automated legal word processing is still a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Ha-Thanh Nguyen

Terms of service of on-line platforms too often contain clauses that are potentially unfair to the consumer. We present an experimental study where machine learning is employed to automatically detect such potentially unfair clauses.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Marco Lippi , Przemyslaw Palka , Giuseppe Contissa , Francesca Lagioia , Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz , Giovanni Sartor , Paolo Torroni

The application of AI tools to the legal field feels natural: large legal document collections could be used with specialized AI to improve workflow efficiency for lawyers and ameliorate the "justice gap" for underserved clients. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Allison Koenecke , Jed Stiglitz , David Mimno , Matthew Wilkens

Reading documents on mobile devices is challenging. Not only are screens small and difficult to read, but also navigating an environment using limited visual attention can be difficult and potentially dangerous. Reading content aloud using…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2009-09-14 Scott Carter , Laurent Denoue

Availability of challenging benchmarks is the key to advancement of AI in a specific field.Since Legal Text is significantly different than normal English text, there is a need to create separate Natural Language Processing benchmarks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Prathamesh Kalamkar , Janani Venugopalan Ph. D. , Vivek Raghavan Ph. D

The ability to negotiate contracts for a wide range of aspects and to provide services conforming to them is a most pressing need in service-oriented architectures. High-level models of contracts are making their way into the area, but…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-09-11 Gordon J. Pace , Anders P. Ravn

In this paper, we present the SimDoc system, a simplification model considering simplicity, readability, and discourse aspects, such as coherence. In the past decade, the progress of the Text Simplification (TS) field has been mostly shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Laura Vásquez-Rodríguez , Nhung T. H. Nguyen , Piotr Przybyła , Matthew Shardlow , Sophia Ananiadou

Data visualizations are typically not accessible to blind and low-vision (BLV) users. Automatically generating text descriptions offers an enticing mechanism for democratizing access to the information held in complex scientific charts, yet…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Andrew McNutt , Maggie K McCracken , Ishrat Jahan Eliza , Daniel Hajas , Jake Wagoner , Nate Lanza , Jack Wilburn , Sarah Creem-Regehr , Alexander Lex

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly impacted the traditional judicial industry. Moreover, recently, with the development of AI-generated content (AIGC), AI and law have found applications in various domains,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Jinqi Lai , Wensheng Gan , Jiayang Wu , Zhenlian Qi , Philip S. Yu

Contracts are complex documents featuring detailed formal structures, explicit and implicit dependencies and rich semantic content. Given these document properties, contract drafting and manual examination of contracts have proven to be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Moriya Dechtiar , Daniel Martin Katz , Mari Sundaresan , Sylvain Jaume , Hongming Wang

How frequently do individuals thoroughly review terms and conditions before proceeding to register for a service, install software, or access a website? The majority of internet users do not engage in this practice. This trend is not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Abhinav Raghuvanshi , Siddhesh Pawar , Anirudh Mittal

The growth of pending legal cases in populous countries, such as India, has become a major issue. Developing effective techniques to process and understand legal documents is extremely useful in resolving this problem. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Xin Jin , Yuchen Wang

There is a growing interest in running legal contracts on digital systems, at the same time, it is important to understand to what extent software contracts may capture legal content. We then undertake a foundational study of legal…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Silvia Crafa , Cosimo Laneve , Giovanni Sartor