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Companies regularly spend millions of dollars producing electronically-stored documents in legal matters. Recently, parties on both sides of the 'legal aisle' are accepting the use of machine learning techniques like text classification to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Christian J. Mahoney , Jianping Zhang , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Peter Gronvall , Haozhen Zhao

In today's legal environment, lawsuits and regulatory investigations require companies to embark upon increasingly intensive data-focused engagements to identify, collect and analyze large quantities of data. When documents are staged for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Rishi Chhatwal , Peter Gronvall , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Robert Keeling , Jianping Zhang , Haozhen Zhao

Interacting with the legal system and the government requires the assembly and analysis of various pieces of information that can be spread across different (paper) documents, such as forms, certificates and contracts (e.g. leases). This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka

Large, pre-trained transformer models like BERT have achieved state-of-the-art results on document understanding tasks, but most implementations can only consider 512 tokens at a time. For many real-world applications, documents can be much…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Allison Hegel , Marina Shah , Genevieve Peaslee , Brendan Roof , Emad Elwany

The paper outlines ongoing research on logic-based tools for the analysis and representation of legal contracts of the kind frequently encountered in large-scale engineering projects and complex, long-term trading agreements. We consider…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Aspassia Daskalopulu , Marek Sergot

User acceptance of artificial intelligence agents might depend on their ability to explain their reasoning, which requires adding an interpretability layer that fa- cilitates users to understand their behavior. This paper focuses on adding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-12-16 I. Lopez-Gazpio , M. Maritxalar , A. Gonzalez-Agirre , G. Rigau , L. Uria , E. Agirre

US corporations regularly spend millions of dollars reviewing electronically-stored documents in legal matters. Recently, attorneys apply text classification to efficiently cull massive volumes of data to identify responsive documents for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Christian Mahoney , Peter Gronvall , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Jianping Zhang

This chapter explores the application of Large Language Models in the legal domain, showcasing their potential to optimise and augment traditional legal tasks by analysing possible use cases, such as assisting in interpreting statutes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Simone Corbo

We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-17 John J. Nay

Given the large size and volumes of contracts and their underlying inherent complexity, manual reviews become inefficient and prone to errors, creating a clear need for automation. Automatic Legal Contract Classification (LCC)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Amrita Singh , Aditya Joshi , Jiaojiao Jiang , Hye-young Paik

Legal documents including judgments and court orders require highly sophisticated legal knowledge for understanding. To disclose expert knowledge for non-experts, we explore the problem of visualizing legal texts with easy-to-understand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Eri Onami , Taiki Miyanishi , Koki Maeda , Shuhei Kurita

Scientific text is complex as it contains technical terms by definition. Simplifying such text for non-domain experts enhances accessibility of innovation and information. Politicians could be enabled to understand new findings on topics on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Nico Hofmann , Julian Dauenhauer , Nils Ole Dietzler , Idehen Daniel Idahor , Christin Katharina Kreutz

Monitoring the compliance of contract performance against legal obligations is important in order to detect violations, ideally, as soon as they occur. Such monitoring can nowadays be achieved through the use of smart contracts, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Regan Meloche , Durga Sivakumar , Amal A. Anda , Sofana Alfuhaid , Daniel Amyot , Luigi Logrippo , John Mylopoulos

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have extended their capabilities from basic text processing to complex reasoning tasks, including legal interpretation, argumentation, and strategic interaction. However, empirical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Asutosh Hota , Jussi P. P. Jokinen

Better understanding of Large Language Models' (LLMs) legal analysis abilities can contribute to improving the efficiency of legal services, governing artificial intelligence, and leveraging LLMs to identify inconsistencies in law. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 John J. Nay , David Karamardian , Sarah B. Lawsky , Wenting Tao , Meghana Bhat , Raghav Jain , Aaron Travis Lee , Jonathan H. Choi , Jungo Kasai

The growing complexity of legal cases has lead to an increasing interest in legal information retrieval systems that can effectively satisfy user-specific information needs. However, such downstream systems typically require documents to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Dennis Aumiller , Satya Almasian , Sebastian Lackner , Michael Gertz

The costs and complexity of the American judicial system limit access to legal solutions for many Americans. Large language models (LLMs) hold great potential to improve access to justice. However, a major challenge in applying AI and LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Manuj Kant , Manav Kant , Marzieh Nabi , Preston Carlson , Megan Ma

Rules are pervasive in the law. In the context of computer engineering, the translation of legal text to algorithmic form is seemingly direct. In large part, law may be a ripe field for expert systems and machine learning. For engineers,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Megan Ma , Dmitriy Podkopaev , Avalon Campbell-Cousins , Adam Nicholas

We propose a new shared task of semantic retrieval from legal texts, in which a so-called contract discovery is to be performed, where legal clauses are extracted from documents, given a few examples of similar clauses from other legal…

Contracts are a common type of legal document that frequent in several day-to-day business workflows. However, there has been very limited NLP research in processing such documents, and even lesser in generating them. These contracts are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Vinay Aggarwal , Aparna Garimella , Balaji Vasan Srinivasan , Anandhavelu N , Rajiv Jain