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Related papers: Stop Misusing t-SNE and UMAP for Visual Analytics

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Dimensionality reduction methods are employed to decrease data dimensionality, either to enhance machine learning performance or to facilitate data visualization in two or three-dimensional spaces. These methods typically fall into two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Berat Dogan

We present a new nonlinear dimensionality reduction method, MAPLE, that enhances UMAP by improving manifold modeling. MAPLE employs a self-supervised learning approach to more efficiently encode low-dimensional manifold geometry. Central to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zeyang Huang , Takanori Fujiwara , Angelos Chatzimparmpas , Wandrille Duchemin , Andreas Kerren

This paper investigates the theoretical foundations of the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) algorithm, a popular nonlinear dimension reduction and data visualization method. A novel theoretical framework for the analysis…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-02 T. Tony Cai , Rong Ma

We present a new method GTSNE to visualize high-dimensional data points in the two dimensional map. The technique is a variation of t-SNE that produces better visualizations by capturing both the local neighborhood structure and the macro…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Songting Shi

Visual analytics using dimensionality reduction (DR) can easily be unreliable for various reasons, e.g., inherent distortions in representing the original data. The literature has thus proposed a wide range of methodologies to make DR-based…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Hyeon Jeon , Hyunwook Lee , Yun-Hsin Kuo , Taehyun Yang , Daniel Archambault , Sungahn Ko , Takanori Fujiwara , Kwan-Liu Ma , Jinwook Seo

Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) is one of the state-of-the-art methods for dimensionality reduction and data visualization. This is a tutorial and survey paper on UMAP and its variants. We start with UMAP algorithm…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Applying dimensionality reduction (DR) to large, high-dimensional data sets can be challenging when distinguishing the underlying high-dimensional data clusters in a 2D projection for exploratory analysis. We address this problem by first…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Youngjoo Kim , Alexandru C. Telea , Scott C. Trager , Jos B. T. M. Roerdink

Dimension reduction (DR) algorithms have proven to be extremely useful for gaining insight into large-scale high-dimensional datasets, particularly finding clusters in transcriptomic data. The initial phase of these DR methods often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yingfan Wang , Yiyang Sun , Haiyang Huang , Cynthia Rudin

Nonlinear dimensional reduction with the manifold assumption, often called manifold learning, has proven its usefulness in a wide range of high-dimensional data analysis. The significant impact of t-SNE and UMAP has catalyzed intense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jungeum Kim , Xiao Wang

Unsupervised machine learning has recently gained much attention in the field of molecular dynamics (MD). Particularly, dimensionality reduction techniques have been regularly employed to analyze large volumes of high-dimensional MD data to…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-05-23 Patryk Tajs , Mateusz Skarupski , Jakub Rydzewski

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has recently received increased attention from machine learning researchers. By enabling effective propagation of known labels in graph-based deep learning (GDL) algorithms, SSL is poised to become an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Alex Morehead , Watchanan Chantapakul , Jianlin Cheng

A fundamental task in machine learning involves visualizing high-dimensional data sets that arise in high-impact application domains. When considering the context of large imbalanced data, this problem becomes much more challenging. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Parisa Hajibabaee , Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili

Dimensionality reduction (DR) is a well-established approach for the visualization of high-dimensional data sets. While DR methods are often applied to typical DR benchmark data sets in the literature, they might suffer from high runtime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Luca Reichmann , David Hägele , Daniel Weiskopf

Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques are often characterized by whether they preserve global, high-level structures in the data or local, neighborhood structures. This distinction matters in visualization: global methods can obscure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Kaviru Gunaratne , Stephen Kobourov , Jacob Miller

t-SNE has gained popularity as a dimension reduction technique, especially for visualizing data. It is well-known that all dimension reduction techniques may lose important features of the data. We provide a mathematical framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Rupert Li , Elchanan Mossel

We extend a well-known dimension reduction method, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), from non-parametric to parametric by training neural networks. The main advantage of a parametric technique is the generalization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Chien-Hsun Lai , Yu-Shuen Wang

Non-linear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) methods such as t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) are ubiquitous in the natural sciences, however, the appropriate use of these methods is difficult because of their complex…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2020-12-14 Stuart Lee , Ursula Laa , Dianne Cook

Dimensionality reduction techniques aim at representing high-dimensional data in low-dimensional spaces to extract hidden and useful information or facilitate visual understanding and interpretation of the data. However, few of them take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yan Sun , Yi Han , Jicong Fan

Nonlinear data visualization using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) enables the representation of complex single-cell transcriptomic landscapes in two or three dimensions to depict biological populations accurately.…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-02 Hui Ma , Kai Chen

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE), a clustering and visualization method proposed by van der Maaten & Hinton in 2008, has rapidly become a standard tool in a number of natural sciences. Despite its overwhelming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-09 George C. Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger