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We introduce two Smoothed Policy Iteration algorithms (\textbf{SPI}s) as rules for learning policies and methods for computing Nash equilibria in second order potential Mean Field Games (MFGs). Global convergence is proved if the coupling…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-18 Qing Tang , Jiahao Song

We present the development and analysis of a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm designed to solve continuous-space mean field game (MFG) and mean field control (MFC) problems in a unified manner. The proposed approach pairs the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-07 Andrea Angiuli , Jean-Pierre Fouque , Ruimeng Hu , Alan Raydan

We study discrete-time mean-field Markov games with infinite numbers of agents where each agent aims to minimize its ergodic cost. We consider the setting where the agents have identical linear state transitions and quadratic cost…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-17 Zuyue Fu , Zhuoran Yang , Yongxin Chen , Zhaoran Wang

To model complex real-world systems, such as traders in stock markets, or the dissemination of contagious diseases, graphon mean-field games (GMFG) have been proposed to model many agents. Despite the empirical success, our understanding of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Jing Dong , Baoxiang Wang , Yaoliang Yu

We study model-based and model-free policy optimization in a class of nonzero-sum stochastic dynamic games called linear quadratic (LQ) deep structured games. In such games, players interact with each other through a set of weighted…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Masoud Roudneshin , Jalal Arabneydi , Amir G. Aghdam

We consider static finite-player network games and their continuum analogs, graphon games. Existence and uniqueness results are provided, as well as convergence of the finite-player network game optimal strategy profiles to their analogs…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-26 Rene Carmona , Daniel Cooney , Christy Graves , Mathieu Lauriere

Graph data are pervasive in many real-world applications. Recently, increasing attention has been paid on graph neural networks (GNNs), which aim to model the local graph structures and capture the hierarchical patterns by aggregating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Kwei-Herng Lai , Daochen Zha , Kaixiong Zhou , Xia Hu

We study policy optimization in Stackelberg mean field games (MFGs), a hierarchical framework for modeling the strategic interaction between a single leader and an infinitely large population of homogeneous followers. The objective can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sihan Zeng , Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sujay Bhatt , Leo Ardon , Sumitra Ganesh , Alec Koppel

Competitive games involving thousands or even millions of players are prevalent in real-world contexts, such as transportation, communications, and computer networks. However, learning in these large-scale multi-agent environments presents…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-04 Batuhan Yardim , Semih Cayci , Niao He

This paper introduces a framework of Constrained Mean-Field Games (CMFGs), where each agent solves a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). This formulation captures scenarios in which agents' strategies are subject to feasibility,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-15 Anran Hu , Zijiu Lyu

We investigate how the framework of mean-field games may be used to investigate strategic interactions in large heterogeneous populations. We consider strategic interactions in a population of players which may be partitioned into…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-19 Rama Cont , Anran Hu

We show by counterexample that policy-gradient algorithms have no guarantees of even local convergence to Nash equilibria in continuous action and state space multi-agent settings. To do so, we analyze gradient-play in N-player general-sum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-18 Eric Mazumdar , Lillian J. Ratliff , Michael I. Jordan , S. Shankar Sastry

Mean field type games (MFTGs) describe Nash equilibria between large coalitions: each coalition consists of a continuum of cooperative agents who maximize the average reward of their coalition while interacting non-cooperatively with a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Kai Shao , Jiacheng Shen , Mathieu Laurière

Graphon games are a class of games with a continuum of agents, introduced to approximate the strategic interactions in large network games. The first result of this study is an equilibrium existence theorem in graphon games, under the same…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-04-03 Motoki Otsuka

Learning by experience in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a difficult and exciting task, due to the lack of stationarity of the environment, whose dynamics evolves as the population learns. In order to design scalable algorithms for systems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-24 Romuald Elie , Julien Pérolat , Mathieu Laurière , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin

We present a policy iteration algorithm for the infinite-horizon N-player general-sum deterministic linear quadratic dynamic games and compare it to policy gradient methods. We demonstrate that the proposed policy iteration algorithm is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-07 Yuxiang Guan , Giulio Salizzoni , Maryam Kamgarpour , Tyler H. Summers

Mean field games (MFGs) have emerged as a powerful framework for modeling interactions in large-scale multi-agent systems. Despite recent advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) for MFGs, existing methods are typically limited to finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Lorenzo Magnino , Kai Shao , Zida Wu , Jiacheng Shen , Mathieu Laurière

We present a method enabling a large number of agents to learn how to flock, which is a natural behavior observed in large populations of animals. This problem has drawn a lot of interest but requires many structural assumptions and is…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Sarah Perrin , Mathieu Laurière , Julien Pérolat , Matthieu Geist , Romuald Élie , Olivier Pietquin

We propose a single-level numerical approach to solve Stackelberg mean field game (MFG) problems. In Stackelberg MFG, an infinite population of agents play a non-cooperative game and choose their controls to optimize their individual…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Gokce Dayanikli , Mathieu Lauriere

Recent techniques based on Mean Field Games (MFGs) allow the scalable analysis of multi-player games with many similar, rational agents. However, standard MFGs remain limited to homogeneous players that weakly influence each other, and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Kai Cui , Gökçe Dayanıklı , Mathieu Laurière , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin , Heinz Koeppl