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Visual Autoregressive (VAR) models adopt a next-scale prediction paradigm, offering high-quality content generation with substantially fewer decoding steps. However, existing VAR models suffer from significant attention complexity and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ziran Qin , Youru Lv , Mingbao Lin , Hang Guo , Zeren Zhang , Danping Zou , Weiyao Lin

KV cache eviction has emerged as an effective solution to alleviate resource constraints faced by LLMs in long-context scenarios. However, existing token-level eviction methods often overlook two critical aspects: (1) their irreversible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yi Zhao , Yajuan Peng , Cam-Tu Nguyen , Zuchao Li , Xiaoliang Wang , Hai Zhao , Xiaoming Fu

Inference-time scaling trades efficiency for increased reasoning accuracy by generating longer or more parallel sequences. However, in Transformer LLMs, generation cost is bottlenecked by the size of the key-value (KV) cache, rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Adrian Łańcucki , Konrad Staniszewski , Piotr Nawrot , Edoardo M. Ponti

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

The expanding long-context capabilities of large language models are constrained by a significant memory bottleneck: the key-value (KV) cache required for autoregressive generation. This bottleneck is substantial; for instance, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yuxuan Zhu , David H. Yang , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri , Keerthiram Murugesan , Tejaswini Pedapati , Pin-Yu Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) face a significant bottleneck during autoregressive inference due to the massive memory footprint of the Key-Value (KV) cache. Existing compression techniques like token eviction, quantization, or other low-rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Santhosh G S , Saurav Prakash , Balaraman Ravindran

The increasing memory demand of the Key-Value (KV) cache poses a significant bottleneck for Large Language Models (LLMs) in long-context applications. Existing low-rank KV compression methods reduce this footprint by modifying model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shiyu Ji , Yixuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Transformers have emerged as the underpinning architecture for Large Language Models (LLMs). In generative language models, the inference process involves two primary phases: prompt processing and token generation. Token generation, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Muhammad Adnan , Akhil Arunkumar , Gaurav Jain , Prashant J. Nair , Ilya Soloveychik , Purushotham Kamath

Transformers, while powerful, suffer from quadratic computational complexity and the ever-growing Key-Value (KV) cache of the attention mechanism. This paper introduces Trellis, a novel Transformer architecture with bounded memory that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Mahdi Karami , Ali Behrouz , Praneeth Kacham , Vahab Mirrokni

Recent reasoning models such as OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have shown strong performance on complex tasks including mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, this performance gain comes with substantially longer output sequences,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yi Su , Zhenxu Tian , Dan Qiao , Yuechi Zhou , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency across a wide range of tasks. However, LLMs often require larger batch sizes to enhance throughput or longer context lengths to meet task demands, which significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhihang Cai , Xingjun Zhang , Zhendong Tan , Zheng Wei

We compare two strategies for compressing the KV cache in transformer inference: rank reduction (discard dimensions) and quantization (keep all dimensions, reduce precision). At matched storage budgets across five models (124M-14B, MHA and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Samuel Salfati

Transformers have emerged as the prevailing standard solution for various AI tasks, including computer vision and natural language processing. The widely adopted Query, Key, and Value formulation (QKV) has played a significant role in this.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Ali Borji

As context windows in LLMs scale to 100K+ tokens, the key-value (KV) cache becomes the dominant memory bottleneck, with recent methods claiming 80-90% savings and minimal benchmark degradation. We argue these evaluations miss a structural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Samhruth Ananthanarayanan , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Deploying Small Language Models (SLMs) on edge platforms is critical for real-time, privacy-sensitive generative AI, yet constrained by memory, latency, and energy budgets. Quantization reduces model size and cost but suffers from device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Jangseon Park , Onat Gungor , Flavio Ponzina , Tajana Rosing

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive accomplishments in recent years. However, the increasing memory consumption of KV cache has possessed a significant challenge to the inference system. Eviction methods have revealed the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zicong Tang , Shi Luohe , Zuchao Li , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Lefei Zhang , Ping Wang

Transformer decoders have achieved strong results across tasks, but the memory required for the KV cache becomes prohibitive at long sequence lengths. Although Cross-layer KV Cache sharing (e.g., YOCO, CLA) offers a path to mitigate KV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Hongzhan Lin , Zhiqi Bai , Xinmiao Zhang , Sen Yang , Xiang Li , Siran Yang , Yunlong Xu , Jiaheng Liu , Yongchi Zhao , Jiamang Wang , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Recent reasoning large language models (LLMs) excel in complex tasks but encounter significant computational and memory challenges due to long sequence lengths. KV cache compression has emerged as an effective approach to greatly enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mengqi Liao , Lu Wang , Chaoyun Zhang , Zekai Shen , Xiaowei Mao , Si Qin , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang , Huaiyu Wan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely deployed in a variety of applications, and the context length is rapidly increasing to handle tasks such as long-document QA and complex logical reasoning. However, long context poses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Guangda Liu , Chengwei Li , Jieru Zhao , Chenqi Zhang , Minyi Guo

Key-value (KV) caching has become the de-facto to accelerate generation speed for large language models (LLMs) inference. However, the growing cache demand with increasing sequence length has transformed LLM inference to be a memory bound…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Hao Kang , Qingru Zhang , Souvik Kundu , Geonhwa Jeong , Zaoxing Liu , Tushar Krishna , Tuo Zhao