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Neural networks have shown substantial promise at automatic theorem-proving in interactive proof assistants (ITPs) like Lean and Coq. However, most neural theorem-proving models are restricted to specific ITPs, leaving out opportunities for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Amitayush Thakur , George Tsoukalas , Greg Durrett , Swarat Chaudhuri

We present Prover Agent, a novel AI agent for automated theorem proving that integrates large language models (LLMs) with a formal proof assistant, Lean. Prover Agent coordinates an informal reasoning LLM, a formal prover model, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Kaito Baba , Chaoran Liu , Shuhei Kurita , Akiyoshi Sannai

In the recent years, we have linked a large corpus of formal mathematics with automated theorem proving (ATP) tools, and started to develop combined AI/ATP systems working in this setting. In this paper we first relate this project to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-12-18 Josef Urban , Jiri Vyskocil

Mechanized theorem proving is becoming the basis of reliable systems programming and rigorous mathematics. Despite decades of progress in proof automation, writing mechanized proofs still requires engineers' expertise and remains labor…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Yutaka Nagashima

We present LLMSTEP, a tool for integrating a language model into the Lean proof assistant. LLMSTEP is a Lean 4 tactic that sends a user's proof state to a server hosting a language model. The language model generates suggestions, which are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Sean Welleck , Rahul Saha

The demonstrated code-understanding capability of LLMs raises the question of whether they can be used for automated program verification, a task that demands high-level abstract reasoning about program properties that is challenging for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Haoze Wu , Clark Barrett , Nina Narodytska

This paper describes a large set of related theorem proving problems obtained by translating theorems from the HOL4 standard library into multiple logical formalisms. The formalisms are in higher-order logic (with and without type…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Chad E. Brown , Thibault Gauthier , Cezary Kaliszyk , Geoff Sutcliffe , Josef Urban

Benchmarking automated theorem proving (ATP) systems using standardized problem sets is a well-established method for measuring their performance. However, the availability of such libraries for non-classical logics is very limited. In this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Carlos Olarte , Valeria de Paiva , Elaine Pimentel , Giselle Reis

We describe a very large improvement of existing hammer-style proof automation over large ITP libraries by combining learning and theorem proving. In particular, we have integrated state-of-the-art machine learners into the E automated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Jan Jakubův , Josef Urban

Automated theorem provers and formal proof assistants are general reasoning systems that are in theory capable of proving arbitrarily hard theorems, thus solving arbitrary problems reducible to mathematics and logical reasoning. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Lasse Blaauwbroek , David Cerna , Thibault Gauthier , Jan Jakubův , Cezary Kaliszyk , Martin Suda , Josef Urban

Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Colin S. Gordon , Sergey Matskevich

We present Ax-Prover, a multi-agent system for automated theorem proving in Lean that can solve problems across diverse scientific domains and operate either autonomously or collaboratively with human experts. To achieve this, Ax-Prover…

Verifiable formal languages like Lean have profoundly impacted mathematical reasoning, particularly through the use of large language models (LLMs) for automated reasoning. A significant challenge in training LLMs for these formal languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Guoxiong Gao , Yutong Wang , Jiedong Jiang , Qi Gao , Zihan Qin , Tianyi Xu , Bin Dong

Proving mathematical theorems using computer-verifiable formal languages like Lean significantly impacts mathematical reasoning. One approach to formal theorem proving involves generating complete proofs using Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ruida Wang , Jipeng Zhang , Yizhen Jia , Rui Pan , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Tong Zhang

Recent advances in large language models have demonstrated impressive capabilities in mathematical formalization. However, existing benchmarks focus on logical verification of declarative propositions, often neglecting the task of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Bowen Yang , Yi Yuan , Chenyi Li , Ziyu Wang , Liangqi Li , Bo Zhang , Zhe Li , Zaiwen Wen

Software testing plays a critical role in ensuring that systems behave as intended. However, existing automated testing approaches struggle to match the capabilities of human engineers due to key limitations such as test locality, lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Kangping Xu , Yifan Luo , Yang Yuan , Andrew Chi-Chih Yao

There are several paradigms for integrating interactive and automated theorem provers, combining the convenience of powerful automation with strong soundness guarantees. We introduce a new approach for reconstructing proofs found by SMT…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Joshua Clune , Haniel Barbosa , Jeremy Avigad

Mella is a minimalistic dependently typed programming language and interactive theorem prover implemented in Haskell. Its main purpose is to investigate the effective integration of automated theorem provers in a pure and simple setting.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-12-19 Alasdair Armstrong , Simon Foster , Georg Struth

This paper reports our initial experiments with using external ATP on some corpora built with the ACL2 system. This is intended to provide the first estimate about the usefulness of such external reasoning and AI systems for solving ACL2…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-06-09 Sebastiaan Joosten , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

In logical reasoning, it is often the case that only some of a collection of assumptions are needed to reach a conclusion. A strengthening lemma is an assertion that a given conclusion is independent in this sense of a particular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-05-26 Dawn Michaelson