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Are Capture-the-Flag competitions obsolete? In 2025, Cybersecurity AI (CAI) systematically conquered some of the world's most prestigious hacking competitions, achieving Rank #1 at multiple events and consistently outperforming thousands of…

Designing cyber defense systems to account for cognitive biases in human decision making has demonstrated significant success in improving performance against human attackers. However, much of the attention in this area has focused on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tailia Malloy , Cleotilde Gonzalez

Many people are unaware of the digital dangers that lie around each cyber-corner. Teaching people how to recognize dangerous situations is crucial, especially for those who work on or with computers. We postulated that interactive graphic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-07 James Barela , Tiago Espinha Gasiba , Santiago Reinhard Suppan , Marc Berges , Kristian Beckers

Industry standard frameworks are now widespread for labeling the high-level stages and granular actions of attacker and defender behavior in cyberspace. While these labels are used for atomic actions, and to some extent for sequences of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Georgel Savin , Ammar Asseri , Josiah Dykstra , Jonathan Goohs , Anthony Melarano , William Casey

Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Xiaonan Liu , Zhihao Li , Xiao Lan , Hao Ren , Haizhou Wang , Xingshu Chen

Adversary thinking is an essential skill for cybersecurity experts, enabling them to understand cyber attacks and set up effective defenses. While this skill is commonly exercised by Capture the Flag games and hands-on activities, we…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Valdemar Švábenský , Jan Vykopal , Milan Cermak , Martin Laštovička

Identifying the actual adversarial threat against a system vulnerability has been a long-standing challenge for cybersecurity research. To determine an optimal strategy for the defender, game-theoretic based decision models have been widely…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Siddhant Bhambri , Purv Chauhan , Frederico Araujo , Adam Doupé , Subbarao Kambhampati

Capture The Flag (CTF) competitions have established themselves as a highly effective pedagogical tool in cybersecurity education, offering students hands-on experience in realistic attack and defense scenarios. However, organizing and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Carlos Jimeno Miguel , Mikel Izal

The crowd sourced security industry, particularly bug bounty programs, has grown dramatically over the past years and has become the main source of software security reviews for many companies. However, the academic literature has largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Alejandro Cuevas , Emma Hogan , Hanan Hibshi , Nicolas Christin

Ensuring safe exploration in high-dimensional systems with unknown dynamics remains a significant challenge. Existing safe reinforcement learning methods often provide safety guarantees only in expectation, which can still lead to safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Rahul Narava , Siddharth Verma , Ojas Jain , Shashi Shekhar Jha , Mayank Shekhar Jha

In this paper, we present CTF Pilot, a GitOps-based framework for the deployment and management of Capture The Flag (CTF) competitions. By leveraging Git repositories as the single source of truth for challenge definitions and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Mikkel Bengtson Albrechtsen , Jacopo Mauro , Torben Worm

Variations of the Flip-It game have been applied to model network cyber operations. While Flip-It can accurately express uncertainty and loss of control, it imposes no essential resource constraints for operations. Capture the flag (CTF)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jon Goohs , Georgel Savin , Lucas Starks , Josiah Dykstra , William Casey

Organizations have rapidly shifted infrastructure and applications over to public cloud computing services such as AWS (Amazon Web Services), Google Cloud Platform, and Azure. Unfortunately, such services have security models that are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Nicholas Springer , Wu-chang Feng

Cognitive biases are mental shortcuts humans use in dealing with information and the environment, and which result in biased actions and behaviors (or, actions), unbeknownst to themselves. Biases take many forms, with cognitive biases…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Atanu R Sinha , Navita Goyal , Sunny Dhamnani , Tanay Asija , Raja K Dubey , M V Kaarthik Raja , Georgios Theocharous

Capture the Flag games represent a popular method of cybersecurity training. Providing meaningful insight into the training progress is essential for increasing learning impact and supporting participants' motivation, especially in advanced…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Radek Ošlejšek , Vít Rusňák , Karolína Burská , Valdemar Švábenský , Jan Vykopal

Attributing the culprit of a cyber-attack is widely considered one of the major technical and policy challenges of cyber-security. The lack of ground truth for an individual responsible for a given attack has limited previous studies. Here,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-07-08 Eric Nunes , Nimish Kulkarni , Paulo Shakarian , Andrew Ruef , Jay Little

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being deployed across various domains today. However, their capacity to solve Capture the Flag (CTF) challenges in cybersecurity has not been thoroughly evaluated. To address this, we develop a novel method…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used in cybersecurity such as autonomous security analysis or penetration testing. Capture the Flag (CTF) challenges serve as benchmarks to assess automated task-planning abilities of LLM agents for…

Language models exhibit human-like cognitive vulnerabilities, such as emotional framing, that escape traditional behavioral alignment. We present CCS-7 (Cognitive Cybersecurity Suite), a taxonomy of seven vulnerabilities grounded in human…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Yuksel Aydin

Deception plays a key role in adversarial or strategic interactions for the purpose of self-defence and survival. This paper introduces a general framework and solution to address deception. Most existing approaches for deception consider…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Bo Wu , Murat Cubuktepe , Suda Bharadwaj , Ufuk Topcu