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This paper presents the Cybersecurity Psychology Framework (CPF), a novel methodology for quantifying human-centric vulnerabilities in security operations through systematic integration of established psychological constructs with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Giuseppe Canale

This article puts forward the use of mutual information values to replicate the expertise of security professionals in selecting features for detecting web attacks. The goal is to enhance the effectiveness of web application firewalls…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Amanda Riverol , Gustavo Betarte , Rodrigo Martínez , Álvaro Pardo

This paper presents how learning experience influences students' capability to learn and their motivation for learning. Although each student is different, standard instruction methods do not adapt to individuals. Adaptive learning reverses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Pavel Seda , Jan Vykopal , Valdemar Švábenský , Pavel Čeleda

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in code generation, yet they struggle with the multi-step, stateful reasoning required for offensive cybersecurity operations. Existing research often relies on static benchmarks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 James Hugglestone , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Dawson Stoller , Ryan Schmidt , Xiuwen Liu

Phishing attacks are prevalent and humans are central to this online identity theft attack, which aims to steal victims' sensitive and personal information such as username, password, and online banking details. There are many anti-phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Gitanjali Baral , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Existing benchmarks for LLM-based offensive security agents use isolated, single-target setups with a known vulnerable service and fixed objective. They measure exploitation effectively, but miss how real Capture-the-Flag (CTF) participants…

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled agentic systems for complex, multi-step tasks; cybersecurity is emerging as a prominent application. To evaluate such agents, researchers widely adopt Capture The Flag (CTF)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Dongjun Lee , Ga-eun Bae , Insu Yun

Rooted in collaborative efforts, cybersecurity spans the scope of cyber competitions and warfare. Despite extensive research into team strategy in sports and project management, empirical study in cyber-security is minimal. This gap…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tristan J. Calay , Basheer Qolomany , Aos Mulahuwaish , Liaquat Hossain , Jacques Bou Abdo

We empirically evaluate whether AI systems are more effective at attacking or defending in cybersecurity. Using CAI (Cybersecurity AI)'s parallel execution framework, we deployed autonomous agents in 23 Attack/Defense CTF battlegrounds.…

Learning-based control with safety guarantees usually requires real-time safety certification and modifications of possibly unsafe learning-based policies. The control barrier function (CBF) method uses a safety filter containing a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-25 Kanghui He , Shengling Shi , Ton van den Boom , Bart De Schutter

Safety filters, particularly those based on control barrier functions, have gained increased interest as effective tools for safe control of dynamical systems. Existing correct-by-construction synthesis algorithms for such filters, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ihab Tabbara , Hussein Sibai

Cyberattacks frequently target higher educational institutions, making cybersecurity awareness and resilience critical for students. However, limited research exists on cybersecurity awareness, attitudes, and resilience among students in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Steve Goliath , Pitso Tsibolane , Dirk Snyman

We present 'Random-Crypto', a procedurally generated cryptographic Capture The Flag (CTF) dataset designed to unlock the potential of Reinforcement Learning (RL) for LLM-based agents in security-sensitive domains. Cryptographic reasoning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Lajos Muzsai , David Imolai , András Lukács

Agentic large language models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated on cybersecurity tasks using capture-the-flag (CTF) benchmarks, yet existing pointwise benchmarks offer limited insight into agent robustness and generalisation across…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Shahin Honarvar , Amber Gorzynski , James Lee-Jones , Harry Coppock , Marek Rei , Joseph Ryan , Alastair F. Donaldson

Adversaries (hackers) attempting to infiltrate networks frequently face uncertainty in their operational environments. This research explores the ability to model and detect when they exhibit ambiguity aversion, a cognitive bias reflecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Stephan Carney , Soham Hans , Sofia Hirschmann , Stacey Marsella , Yvonne Fonken , Peggy Wu , Nikolos Gurney

As cyber threats increasingly exploit human behaviour, technical controls alone cannot ensure organisational cybersecurity (CS). Strengthening cybersecurity culture (CSC) is vital in safety-critical industries, yet empirical research in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Tita Alissa Bach , Linn Pedersen , Maria Kinck Borén† , Lisa Christoffersen Temte†

Security exploits can include cyber threats such as computer programs that can disturb the normal behavior of computer systems (viruses), unsolicited e-mail (spam), malicious software (malware), monitoring software (spyware), attempting to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-26 Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Mumtaz Abdul Hameed

In recent years, the emphasis on computational thinking (CT) has intensified as an effect of accelerated digitalisation. While most researchers are concentrating on defining CT and developing tools for its instruction and assessment, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Giorgia Adorni , Alberto Piatti , Engin Bumbacher , Lucio Negrini , Francesco Mondada , Dorit Assaf , Francesca Mangili , Luca Gambardella

Recent advances in LLM agentic systems have improved the automation of offensive security tasks, particularly for Capture the Flag (CTF) challenges. We systematically investigate the key factors that drive agent success and provide a…

The lack of guided exercises and practical opportunities to learn about cybersecurity in a practical way makes it difficult for security experts to improve their proficiency. Capture the Flag events and Cyber Ranges are ideal for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Marcus Knüpfer , Tore Bierwirth , Lars Stiemert , Matthias Schopp , Sebastian Seeber , Daniela Pöhn , Peter Hillmann