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Related papers: Removing constraints of 4D-STEM with a framework f…

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Four dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) records the scattering of electrons in a material in great detail. The benefits offered by 4D STEM are substantial, with the wealth of data it provides facilitating for…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-12-09 Daen Jannis , Christoph Hofer , Chuang Gao , Xiaobin Xie , Armand Béché , Timothy J. Pennycook , Jo Verbeeck

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is a powerful tool that allows for the simultaneous acquisition of spatial and diffraction information, driven by recent advancements in direct electron detector…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-10-23 Ujjval Bansal , Amit Sharma , Barbara Putz , Christoph Kirchlechner , Subin Lee

Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D-STEM) is a powerful technique for high-resolution and high-precision materials characterization at multiple length scales, including the characterization of beam-sensitive…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-08-11 Hsu-Chih Ni , Renliang Yuan , Jiong Zhang , Jian-Min Zuo

The arrival of direct electron detectors (DED) with high frame-rates in the field of scanning transmission electron microscopy has enabled many experimental techniques that require collection of a full diffraction pattern at each scan…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Philipp M. Pelz , Ian Johnson , Colin Ophus , Peter Ercius , Mary C. Scott

The use of fast pixelated detectors and direct electron detection technology is revolutionising many aspects of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The widespread adoption of these new technologies is impeded by the technical…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-08-06 Magnus Nord , Robert W. H. Webster , Kirsty A. Paton , Stephen McVitie , Damien McGrouther , Ian MacLaren , Gary W. Paterson

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has a broad range of applications in materials characterization, including real-space imaging, spectroscopy, and diffraction, at length scales from the micron to sub-{\AA}ngstr\"om. The…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-06-07 Bryan D Esser , Joanne Etheridge

The appearance of direct electron detectors marked a new era for electron diffraction. Their high sensitivity and low noise opens the possibility to extend electron diffraction from transmission electron microscopes (TEM) to lower energies…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Nikita Denisov , Andrey Orekhov , Johan Verbeeck

With the development of high-speed electron detectors, four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing microstructures in material science and life science. However, the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-06-16 Yiming Hu , Si Gao , Xiaopeng Wu , Xudong Pei , Futao Huang , Wei Mao , Weiyang Zhang , Aidan Horne , Zhengbin Gu , Peng Wang

We introduce a denoising method for four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) that relies on processing local, scan position-independent electron event-sparse data stacks, called event-sparse stack denoising. This…

Medical Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Gregory Nordahl , Rebekka Klemmt , Espen Drath Bøjesen

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) of local atomic diffraction patterns is emerging as a powerful technique for probing intricate details of atomic structure and atomic electric fields. However, efficient…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-15 Xin Li , Ondrej E. Dyck , Mark P. Oxley , Andrew R. Lupini , Leland McInnes , John Healy , Stephen Jesse , Sergei V. Kalinin

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials on length scales ranging from microns to atoms. By using a high-speed, direct electron detector, it is now possible to record a…

Fast pixelated detectors incorporating direct electron detection (DED) technology are increasingly being regarded as universal detectors for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), capable of imaging under multiple modes of…

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) has become the main stay for materials characterization on atomic level, with applications ranging from visualization of localized and extended defects to mapping order parameter fields. In…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-01-15 Xin Li , Ondrej Dyck , Sergei V. Kalinin , Stephen Jesse

Three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) has emerged as a powerful method for solving the structures of sub-micron-sized particles down to nanoparticles. However, it faces technical challenges when applied to beam-sensitive samples or…

4D-STEM, in which the 2D diffraction plane is captured for each 2D scan position in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) using a pixelated detector, is complementing and increasingly replacing existing imaging approaches.…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-07-27 Colum M. O'Leary , Benedikt Haas , Christoph T. Koch , Peter D. Nellist , Lewys Jones

Direct electron detection is revolutionizing electron microscopy by offering lower noise, reduced point-spread function, and increased quantum efficiency. Among these advancements, the Timepix3 hybrid-pixel direct electron detector stands…

A suite of acquisition applications related to the 4D-STEM technique is presented as a software package written within the Digital Micrograph environment, which is a widely used software platform in worldwide electron microscopy…

Here we show that compressive sensing allow 4-dimensional (4-D) STEM data to be obtained and accurately reconstructed with both high-speed and low fluence. The methodology needed to achieve these results compared to conventional 4-D…

We present a new analysis method for atomic resolution four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM, in which a diffraction pattern is collected at each point of a raster scan of a focused electron beam across the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-08-11 Yining Xie , Eoin Moynihan , Marin Alexe , Louis Piper , Ana Sanchez , Richard Beanland

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is an extremely versatile method for studying materials on the atomic scale. Many STEM experiments are supported or validated with electron scattering simulations. However, using the…

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