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We demonstrate a multi-beam scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging that integrates down-sampling with super-resolution image reconstruction via a compressive sensing framework. A custom condenser aperture with six randomly…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-03-19 Akira Yasuhara , Takumi Sannomiya , Ryoichi Horisaki

High quality scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data acquisition and analysis has become increasingly important due to the commercial demand for investigating the properties of complex materials such as battery cathodes;…

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) is a critical tool for imaging the properties of materials and biological specimens at atomic scale, yet our understanding of relevant electron beam damage mechanisms is incomplete. Recent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-02 Amir Javadi Rad , Amirafshar Moshtaghpour , Dongdong Chen , Angus I. Kirkland

We analyze the quantum limit of sensitivity in four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM), which has emerged as a favored technique for imaging the structure of a wide variety of materials, including biological and…

Optics · Physics 2024-08-14 Christian Dwyer , David M. Paganin

Precession of a converged beam during acquisition of a 4D-STEM dataset improves strain, orientation, and phase mapping accuracy by averaging over continuous angles of illumination. Precession experiments usually rely on integrated systems,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-10-20 Stephanie M. Ribet , Rohan Dhall , Colin Ophus , Karen C. Bustillo

Recently it has been shown that precise dose control and an increase in the overall acquisition speed of atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images can be achieved by acquiring only a small fraction of the…

Thin film oxides are a source of endless fascination for the materials scientist. These materials are highly flexible, can be integrated into almost limitless combinations, and exhibit many useful functionalities for device applications.…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-06-17 Steven R. Spurgeon

Event cameras are bio-inspired sensors providing significant advantages over standard cameras such as low latency, high temporal resolution, and high dynamic range. We propose a novel structured-light system using an event camera to tackle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Manasi Muglikar , Guillermo Gallego , Davide Scaramuzza

Event cameras are bio-inspired sensors that differ from conventional frame cameras: Instead of capturing images at a fixed rate, they asynchronously measure per-pixel brightness changes, and output a stream of events that encode the time,…

Despite decades of research, the ultimate goal of nanotechnology--top-down manipulation of individual atoms--has been directly achieved with only one technique: scanning probe microscopy. In this Review, we demonstrate that scanning…

Event-based sensors offer high temporal resolution and low latency by generating sparse, asynchronous data. However, converting this irregular data into dense tensors for use in standard neural networks diminishes these inherent advantages,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Aayush Atul Verma , Arpitsinh Vaghela , Bharatesh Chakravarthi , Kaustav Chanda , Yezhou Yang

While electron microscopy offers crucial atomic-resolution insights into structure-property relationships, radiation damage severely limits its use on beam-sensitive materials like proteins and 2D materials. To overcome this challenge, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Zifei Wang , Zian Mao , Xiaoya He , Xi Huang , Haoran Zhang , Chun Cheng , Shufen Chu , Tingzheng Hou , Xiaoqin Zeng , Yujun Xie

Event-based cameras are bio-inspired sensors with pixels that independently and asynchronously respond to brightness changes at microsecond resolution, offering the potential to handle visual tasks in challenging scenarios. However, due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sheng Zhong , Zhongyang Ren , Xiya Zhu , Dehao Yuan , Cornelia Fermuller , Yi Zhou

Compact direct electron detectors are becoming increasingly popular in electron microscopy applications including electron backscatter diffraction, as they offer an opportunity for low cost and accessible microstructural analysis. In this…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-10-17 Tianbi Zhang , Ruth Birch , Graeme Francolini , Ebru Karakurt Uluscu , Ben Britton

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the most widespread adopted tool for atomic scale characterization of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Many 2D materials remain susceptible to electron beam damage, despite the standardized…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Sytze de Graaf , Majid Ahmadi , Ivan Lazić , Eric G. T. Bosch , Bart J. Kooi

Event-based cameras (ECs) have emerged as bio-inspired sensors that report pixel brightness changes asynchronously, offering unmatched speed and efficiency in vision sensing. Despite their high dynamic range, temporal resolution, low power…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Seyed Ehsan Marjani Bajestani , Giovanni Beltrame

High-speed vision sensing is essential for real-time perception in applications such as robotics, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation. Traditional frame-based vision systems suffer from motion blur, high latency, and redundant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Riadul Islam , Joey Mulé , Dhandeep Challagundla , Shahmir Rizvi , Sean Carson

Linear phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques compatible with high-throughput 4D-STEM acquisition are widely used to enhance phase contrast in weakly scattering and beam-sensitive materials. In these…

Event-based cameras are bio-inspired sensors that capture brightness change of every pixel in an asynchronous manner. Compared with frame-based sensors, event cameras have microsecond-level latency and high dynamic range, hence showing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Dongsheng Wang , Xu Jia , Yang Zhang , Xinyu Zhang , Yaoyuan Wang , Ziyang Zhang , Dong Wang , Huchuan Lu

Event-based cameras are bio-inspired vision sensors whose pixels work independently from each other and respond asynchronously to brightness changes, with microsecond resolution. Their advantages make it possible to tackle challenging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Yi Zhou , Guillermo Gallego , Shaojie Shen