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This paper demonstrates the key features of a control system applicable to inverter-based resources (IBR), which is based on grid-forming technology. Such resources are classified as grid-forming or grid-following converters based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

Inverter-based storages are poised to play a prominent role in future power grids with massive renewable generation. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are emerging as a dominant technology with synchronous generators (SG)-like characteristics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Laurentiu Marinovici , Karan Kalsi , Diane Baldwin

Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

Small-signal stability of modern converter-dominated power systems has been the subject of extensive research, particularly from the perspective of device-level control design for grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-09 Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Ognjen Stanojev , Simon Muntwiler , Gabriela Hug

This paper investigates power swing characteristics of grid-forming voltage source converter (GFM-VSC) systems considering the current limitation mode in both non-inertial and inertial GFM-VSC systems. Following grid faults, non-inertial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-17 Yongxin Xiong , Heng Wu , Yifei Li , Xiongfei Wang

A grid-feeding converter system is added to a novel power system transient simulation scheme based on frequency response optimized integrators considering second order derivative. The converter system and its implementation in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-23 Sheng Lei , Alexander Flueck

This paper develops a nonlinear grid-forming (GFM) controller with provable voltage-formation guarantees, with over-current limiting enforced via a control-barrier-function (CBF)-based safety filter. The nominal controller follows a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-04 Bhathiya Rathnayake , Sijia Geng

To satisfy dynamic requirements of power systems, it is imperative for grid-tied inverters to ensure good disturbance rejection performance (DRP) under variable grid conditions. This letter discovers and theoretically proves that for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Fuyilong Ma , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Linbin Huang

There is an ongoing trend of reduction in short circuit power at the grid connection point due to decommissioning of synchronous generation plants causing system strength issues in wind power plants. Whereas wind power plant rating and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-05 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Guangya Yang , Thyge Knueppel

Under asymmetrical faults, analyzing the transient stability of grid-forming voltage-source converters (GFM-VSCs) becomes essential because their behavior fundamentally differs from that under symmetrical faults. When current limiting is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Seongyeon Kim , Ki-Hyun Kim , Shenghui Cui , Jae-Jung Jung

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are a key component in the ongoing modernization of power systems, with grid-forming (GFM) inverters playing a central role. Effective fault current limiting is a major challenge to modernizing power systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-19 Zaid Ibn Mahmood , Hantao Cui , Ying Zhang

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

This work focuses on grid-forming (GFM) control of Interconnecting Power Converters (IPCs) that are used to interconnect multiple HVAC and HVDC subgrids to form a grid of grids. We introduce the concept of dual-port GFM control that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Dominic Groß , Sánchez-Sánchez , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

To address the frequency stability challenges posed by the rising penetration of power electronics in power systems, HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are increasingly expected to provide inertial response and frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Zhenghua XU , Dominic Groß , George Alin Raducu , Behnam Nouri , Oscar Saborío-Romano , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

A dynamic phasor (DP) framework for time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of grid-forming converters (GFCs) connected to series-compensated transmission lines is proposed. The proposed framework can capture the behavior of GFCs…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-26 Fiaz Hossain , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) play a crucial role in the stability of power systems with large amounts of converter-based generation. Transient stability (angle stability under large disturbances) is a critical limiting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Luis Rouco , Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada

The emergence of grid-forming (GFM) inverter technology and the increasing role of machine learning in power systems highlight the need for evaluating the latest dynamic simulators. Open-source simulators offer distinct advantages in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-12 Tong Su , Jiangkai Peng , Alaa Selim , Junbo Zhao , Jin Tan