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The thesis addresses the problem of scalability in decentralized blockchains in the context of the trade-off between transaction throughput and hardware requirements to participate in the network. Rollups are presented, that is technologies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Luca Donno

Traditional financial institutions face inefficiencies that can be addressed by distributed ledger technology. However, a primary barrier to adoption is the privacy concerns surrounding publicly available transaction data. Existing private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yeoh Wei Zhu , Naresh Goud Boddu , Yao Ma , Shaltiel Eloul , Giulio Golinelli , Yash Satsangi , Rob Otter , Kaushik Chakraborty

Explicit Chain-of-Thought improves the reasoning performance of large language models but often incurs high inference cost due to verbose token-level traces. While recent approaches reduce this overhead via concise prompting or step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yunlong Chu , Minglai Shao , Yuhang Liu , Bing Hao , Yumeng Lin , Jialu Wang , Ruijie Wang

Decentralized applications (dApps) in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) face a fundamental tension between regulatory compliance requirements like Know Your Customer (KYC) and maintaining decentralization and privacy. Existing permissioned DeFi…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Fabian Piper , Karl Wolf , Jonathan Heiss

We improve the fundamental security threshold of eventual consensus Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain protocols under the longest-chain rule by showing, for the first time, the positive effect of rounds with concurrent honest leaders. Current…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Aggelos Kiayias , Saad Quader , Alexander Russell

Gradient boosted decision trees, particularly XGBoost, are among the most effective methods for tabular data. As deployment in sensitive settings increases, cryptographic guarantees of model integrity become essential. We present ZKBoost,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Nikolas Melissaris , Antigoni Polychroniadou , Akira Takahashi , Chenkai Weng , Jiayi Xu

An important feature of Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchains is full dynamic availability, allowing miners to go online and offline while requiring only 50% of the online miners to be honest. Existing Proof-of-stake (PoS), Proof-of-Space and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Soubhik Deb , Sreeram Kannan , David Tse

Smart contracts are programs that are executed on the blockchain and can hold, manage and transfer assets in the form of cryptocurrencies. The contract's execution is then performed on-chain and is subject to consensus, i.e. every node on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Soroush Farokhnia

Optimistic Rollups (ORUs) significantly enhance blockchain scalability but inherently suffer from the verifier's dilemma, particularly concerning validator attentiveness. Current systems lack mechanisms to proactively ensure validators are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Suhyeon Lee , Yeongju Bak

Currently there exist many blockchains with weak trust guarantees, limiting applications and participation. Existing solutions to boost the trust using a stronger blockchain, e.g., via checkpointing, requires the weaker blockchain to give…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Peiyao Sheng , Xuechao Wang , Sreeram Kannan , Kartik Nayak , Pramod Viswanath

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of two dominant blockchain consensus mechanisms, Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), evaluated across seven critical metrics: energy use, security, transaction speed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Kaeli Andrews , Linh B. Ngo , Md Amiruzzaman

A Zero-Knowledge Protocol (ZKP) allows one party to convince another party of a fact without disclosing any extra knowledge except the validity of the fact. For example, it could be used to allow a customer to prove their identity to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-20 Claude Crépeau , John Stuart

Despite the advantages of decentralization and immutability, blockchain technology faces significant scalability and throughput limitations, which has prompted the exploration of off-chain solutions like payment channels. Adaptor signatures…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yi Liang , Jinguang Han

In this paper, we developed a blockchain application to demonstrate the functionality of Sui's recent innovations: Zero Knowledge Login and Sponsored Transactions. Zero Knowledge Login allows users to create and access their blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Eason Chen , Zimo Xiao , Justa Liang , Damien Chen , Pierce Hung , Kostas Kryptos Chalkias

Blockchains have revolutionized decentralized applications, with composability enabling atomic, trustless interactions across smart contracts. However, layer 2 (L2) scalability solutions like rollups introduce fragmentation and hinder…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Ioannis Kaklamanis , Fan Zhang

Blockchain introduces decentralized trust in peer-to-peer networks, advancing security and democratizing systems. Yet, a unified definition for decentralization remains elusive. Our Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) seeks to bridge this…

General Economics · Economics 2023-08-21 Luyao Zhang , Xinshi Ma , Yulin Liu

Proof of Stake (PoS) protocols rely on voting mechanisms to reach consensus on the current state. If an enhanced majority of staking nodes, also called validators, agree on a proposed block, then this block is appended to the blockchain.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Stefanos Leonardos , Daniel Reijsbergen , Georgios Piliouras

In this paper we propose a double-linked blockchain data structure that greatly improves blockchain performance and guarantees single chain with no forks. Additionally, with the proposed proof-of-refundable-tax (PoRT) consensus algorithm,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Zheng-Xun Jiang , Ren-Song Tsay

ChipmunkRing, a practical post-quantum ring signature construction tailored for blockchain environments. Building on our Chipmunk lattice-based cryptographic framework, this implementation delivers compact digital signatures ranging from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Dmitrii A. Gerasimov

Privacy concerns in machine learning systems have grown significantly with the increasing reliance on sensitive user data for training large-scale models. This paper introduces a novel framework combining Probably Approximately Correct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Guilhem Repetto , Nojan Sheybani , Gabrielle De Micheli , Farinaz Koushanfar