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Eye tracking has become increasingly important in virtual and augmented reality applications; however, the current gaze accuracy falls short of meeting the requirements for spatial computing. We designed a gaze collection framework and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Xiaoyin Yang

Critical VR applications in domains such as healthcare, education, and finance that use traditional credentials, such as PIN, password, or multi-factor authentication, stand the chance of being compromised if a malicious person acquires the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Mingjun Li , Natasha Kholgade Banerjee , Sean Banerjee

Active authentication is the problem of continuously verifying the identity of a person based on behavioral aspects of their interaction with a computing device. In this study, we collect and analyze behavioral biometrics data from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Lex Fridman , Steven Weber , Rachel Greenstadt , Moshe Kam

Eye-tracking technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its wide range of applications in human-computer interaction, virtual and augmented reality, and wearable health. Traditional RGB camera-based eye-tracking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Argha Sen , Nuwan Bandara , Ila Gokarn , Thivya Kandappu , Archan Misra

This study evaluates a smartphone-based, deep-learning eye-tracking algorithm by comparing its performance against a commercial infrared-based eye tracker, the Tobii Pro Nano. The aim is to investigate the feasibility of appearance-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Nishan Gunawardena , Gough Yumu Lui , Bahman Javadi , Jeewani Anupama Ginige

In the domain of Extended Reality (XR), particularly Virtual Reality (VR), extensive research has been devoted to harnessing this transformative technology in various real-world applications. However, a critical challenge that must be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ayush Agarwal , Raghavendra Ramachandra , Sushma Venkatesh , S. R. Mahadeva Prasanna

We present two methods for fast and precise eye-tracking in VR headsets. Both methods exploit deflectometric information, i.e., the specular reflection of an extended screen over the eye surface.

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Jiazhang Wang , Tianfu Wang , Bingjie Xu , Oliver Cossairt , Florian Willomitzer

Gaze prediction plays a critical role in Virtual Reality (VR) applications by reducing sensor-induced latency and enabling computationally demanding techniques such as foveated rendering, which rely on anticipating user attention. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Christos Petrou , Harris Partaourides , Athanasios Balomenos , Yannis Kopsinis , Sotirios Chatzis

With built-in eye-tracking cameras, the recently released Apple Vision Pro (AVP) mixed reality (MR) headset features gaze-based interaction, eye image rendering on external screens, and iris recognition for device unlocking. One of the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Zehao Huang , Gancheng Zhu , Xiaoting Duan , Rong Wang , Yongkai Li , Shuai Zhang , Zhiguo Wang

Mobile devices and technologies have become increasingly popular, offering comparable storage and computational capabilities to desktop computers allowing users to store and interact with sensitive and private information. The security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Mohammed Abuhamad , Ahmed Abusnaina , DaeHun Nyang , David Mohaisen

The cameras in modern gaze-tracking systems suffer from fundamental bandwidth and power limitations, constraining data acquisition speed to 300 Hz realistically. This obstructs the use of mobile eye trackers to perform, e.g., low latency…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Anastasios N. Angelopoulos , Julien N. P. Martel , Amit P. S. Kohli , Jorg Conradt , Gordon Wetzstein

We present Bionic Tracking, a novel method for solving biological cell tracking problems with eye tracking in virtual reality using commodity hardware. Using gaze data, and especially smooth pursuit eye movements, we are able to track cells…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Ulrik Günther , Kyle I. S. Harrington , Raimund Dachselt , Ivo F. Sbalzarini

Biometrics on mobile devices has attracted a lot of attention in recent years as it is considered a user-friendly authentication method. This interest has also been motivated by the success of Deep Learning (DL). Architectures based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Paula Delgado-Santos , Ruben Tolosana , Richard Guest , Farzin Deravi , Ruben Vera-Rodriguez

The integration of Transparent Displays (TD) in various applications, such as Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) in vehicles, is a burgeoning field, poised to revolutionize user experiences. However, this innovation brings forth significant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Esmaeil Seraj , Harsh Bhate , Walter Talamonti

Among user authentication methods, behavioural biometrics has proven to be effective against identity theft as well as user-friendly and unobtrusive. One of the most popular traits in the literature is keystroke dynamics due to the large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Giuseppe Stragapede , Paula Delgado-Santos , Ruben Tolosana , Ruben Vera-Rodriguez , Richard Guest , Aythami Morales

This study presents a novel framework for 3D gaze tracking tailored for mixed-reality settings, aimed at enhancing joint attention and collaborative efforts in team-based scenarios. Conventional gaze tracking, often limited by monocular…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Eduardo Davalos , Yike Zhang , Ashwin T. S. , Joyce H. Fonteles , Umesh Timalsina , Guatam Biswas

We propose FaceVR, a novel image-based method that enables video teleconferencing in VR based on self-reenactment. State-of-the-art face tracking methods in the VR context are focused on the animation of rigged 3d avatars. While they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-23 Justus Thies , Michael Zollhöfer , Marc Stamminger , Christian Theobalt , Matthias Nießner

As extended reality (XR) systems become increasingly immersive and sensor-rich, they enable the collection of behavioral signals such as eye and body telemetry. These signals support personalized and responsive experiences and may also…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Azim Ibragimov , Ethan Wilson , Kevin R. B. Butler , Eakta Jain

There is a growing need for authentication methodology in virtual reality applications. Current systems assume that the immersive experience technology is a collection of peripheral devices connected to a personal computer or mobile device.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Karthik Viswanathan , Abbas Yazdinejad

The authentication field is evolving towards mechanisms able to keep users continuously authenticated without the necessity of remembering or possessing authentication credentials. While existing continuous authentication systems have…