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With eye tracking being increasingly integrated into virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) head-mounted displays, preserving users' privacy is an ever more important, yet under-explored, topic in the eye tracking community. We report a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Julian Steil , Inken Hagestedt , Michael Xuelin Huang , Andreas Bulling

This paper examines the key factors that influence the performance of state-of-the-art gaze-based authentication. Experiments were conducted on a large-scale, in-house dataset comprising 8,849 subjects collected with Meta Quest Pro…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Dillon Lohr , Michael J Proulx , Mehedi Hasan Raju , Oleg V Komogortsev

Biometric systems based on Machine learning and Deep learning are being extensively used as authentication mechanisms in resource-constrained environments like smartphones and other small computing devices. These AI-powered facial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Mohit Raghavendra , Pravan Omprakash , B R Mukesh , Sowmya Kamath

Eye-tracking applications that utilize the human gaze in video understanding tasks have become increasingly important. To effectively automate the process of video analysis based on eye-tracking data, it is important to accurately replicate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Suleyman Ozdel , Yao Rong , Berat Mert Albaba , Yen-Ling Kuo , Xi Wang , Enkelejda Kasneci

Several studies have reported that biometric identification based on eye movement characteristics can be used for authentication. This paper provides an extensive study of user identification via eye movements across multiple datasets based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Sahar Mahdie Klim Al Zaidawi , Martin H. U. Prinzler , Jonas Lührs , Sebastian Maneth

Recent developments in hardware, computer graphics, and AI may soon enable AR/VR head-mounted displays (HMDs) to become everyday devices like smartphones and tablets. Eye trackers within HMDs provide a special opportunity for such setups as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Mengdi Wang , Efe Bozkir , Enkelejda Kasneci

The latest developments in computer hardware, sensor technologies, and artificial intelligence can make virtual reality (VR) and virtual spaces an important part of human everyday life. Eye tracking offers not only a hands-free way of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Efe Bozkir , Süleyman Özdel , Mengdi Wang , Brendan David-John , Hong Gao , Kevin Butler , Eakta Jain , Enkelejda Kasneci

Virtual reality (VR) can enrich neuropsychological testing, yet the ergonomic trade-offs of its input modes remain under-examined. Seventy-seven healthy volunteers-young (19-29 y) and middle-aged (35-56 y)-completed a VR Trail-Making Test…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Panagiotis Kourtesis , Evgenia Giatzoglou , Panagiotis Vorias , Katerina Alkisti Gounari , Eleni Orfanidou , Chrysanthi Nega

With developments in computer graphics, hardware technology, perception engineering, and human-computer interaction, virtual reality and virtual environments are becoming more integrated into our daily lives. Head-mounted displays, however,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Efe Bozkir

We study involuntary micro-movements of the eye for biometric identification. While prior studies extract lower-frequency macro-movements from the output of video-based eye-tracking systems and engineer explicit features of these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Lena A. Jäger , Silvia Makowski , Paul Prasse , Sascha Liehr , Maximilian Seidler , Tobias Scheffer

Eye tracking is handled as one of the key technologies for applications that assess and evaluate human attention, behavior, and biometrics, especially using gaze, pupillary, and blink behaviors. One of the challenges with regard to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Efe Bozkir , Ali Burak Ünal , Mete Akgün , Enkelejda Kasneci , Nico Pfeifer

User experience research often uses surveys and interviews, which may miss subconscious user interactions. This study explores eye-tracking and biometric feedback as tools to assess user engagement and cognitive load in digital interfaces.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Aaditya Shankar Majumder

Eye movements play a vital role in perceiving the world. Eye gaze can give a direct indication of the users point of attention, which can be useful in improving human-computer interaction. Gaze estimation in a non-intrusive manner can make…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Anjith George

Photorealistic talking-head avatars are becoming increasingly common in virtual meetings, gaming, and social platforms. These avatars allow for more immersive communication, but they also introduce serious security risks. One emerging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Laura Pedrouzo-Rodriguez , Pedro Delgado-DeRobles , Luis F. Gomez , Ruben Tolosana , Ruben Vera-Rodriguez , Aythami Morales , Julian Fierrez

Gaze tracking is a useful human-to-computer interface, which plays an increasingly important role in a range of mobile applications. Gaze calibration is an indispensable component of gaze tracking, which transforms the eye coordinates to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Songzhou Yang , Meng Jin , Yuan He

The advent and growing popularity of Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) solutions have revolutionized the way we interact with digital platforms. The cutting-edge gaze-controlled typing methods, now prevalent in high-end models of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Hanqiu Wang , Zihao Zhan , Haoqi Shan , Siqi Dai , Max Panoff , Shuo Wang

Prolonged exposure to virtual reality (VR) systems leads to visual fatigue, impairs user comfort, performance, and safety, particularly in high-stakes or long-duration applications. Existing fatigue detection approaches rely on subjective…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Numan Zafar , Johnathan Locke , Shafique Ahmad Chaudhry

Although eye-tracking technology is being integrated into more VR and MR headsets, the true potential of eye tracking in enhancing user interactions within XR settings remains relatively untapped. Presently, one of the most prevalent gaze…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Naveen Sendhilnathan , Ajoy S. Fernandes , Michael J. Proulx , Tanya R. Jonker

As virtual reality (VR) devices become increasingly integrated into everyday settings, a growing number of users without prior experience will engage with VR systems. Automatically detecting a user's familiarity with VR as an interaction…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Numan Zafar , Priyo Ranjan Kundu Prosun , Shafique Ahmad Chaudhry

Predicting gaze behavior in virtual reality environments remains a significant challenge with implications for rendering optimization and interface design. This paper introduces a multimodal approach to VR gaze prediction that combines…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Farhaan Ebadulla , Chiraag Mudlpaur , Shreya Chaurasia , Gaurav BV