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Word-representable graphs are a class of graphs that can be represented by words, where edges and non-edges are determined by the alternation of letters in those words. Several papers in the literature have explored the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-22 Herman Z. Q. Chen , Humaira Hameed , Sergey Kitaev

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is a \emph{word-representable graph} if there exists a word $W$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $W$ if and only if $(x,y)\in E$ for each $x\neq y$. In this paper we give an effective…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-29 Magnús M. Halldórsson , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $(x,y)\in E$ for each $x\neq y$. The set of word-representable graphs generalizes several…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-02-11 Andrew Collins , Sergey Kitaev , Vadim Lozin

A graph $G = (\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}, E)$ is $12$-representable if there is a word $w$ over $\{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$ such that two vertices $i$ and $j$ with $i < j$ are adjacent if and only if every $j$ occurs before every $i$ in $w$. These…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-31 Asahi Takaoka

A simple graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ iff $xy\in E$. Word-representable graphs generalize several important classes of graphs. A graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-03 Özgür Akgün , Ian P. Gent , Sergey Kitaev , Hans Zantema

The literature on word-representable graphs is quite rich, and a number of variations of the original definition have been proposed over the years. We are initiating a systematic study of such variations based on formal languages. In our…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Zhidan Feng , Henning Fernau , Pamela Fleischmann , Kevin Mann , Silas Cato Sacher

A split graph is a graph whose vertex set can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. The word-representability of split graphs was studied in a series of papers in the literature, and the class of word-representable split…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-29 Tithi Dwary , Khyodeno Mozhui , K. V. Krishna

Letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in a word $w$ if after deleting in $w$ all letters but the copies of $x$ and $y$ we either obtain a word $xyxy\cdots$ (of even or odd length) or a word $yxyx\cdots$ (of even or odd length). A graph $G=(V,E)$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-29 Sergey Kitaev , Yangjing Long , Jun Ma , Hehui Wu

A graph is word-representable if it can be represented in a certain way using alternation of letters in words. Word-representable graphs generalise several important and well-studied classes of graphs, and they can be characterised by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-19 Sergey Kitaev , Haoran Sun

A graph $G = (V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy$ is an edge in $E$. Word-representable graphs are the subject of a long research…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-09-20 Alice L. L. Gao , Sergey Kitaev , Philip B. Zhang

A graph $G$ with vertex set $V(G)$ and edge set $E(G)$ is said to be word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V(G)$ such that, for any two distinct letters $x,y \in V(G)$, the letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Eshwar Srinivasan , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

A graph $G = (V, E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that, for any two distinct vertices $x, y \in V$, $xy \in E$ if and only if $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$. Two letters $x$ and $y$ are said to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-08 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

The class of word-representable graphs, introduced in connection with the study of the Perkins semigroup by Kitaev and Seif, has attracted significant attention in combinatorics and theoretical computer science due to its deep connections…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Eshwar Srinivasan , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

The notion of a word-representable graph has been studied in a series of papers in the literature. A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-17 Miles Jones , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin , Jeffrey Remmel

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is said to be word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that two distinct letters $x,y\in V$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy \in E$. Word-representable graphs form a well-studied graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

There is a long line of research in the literature dedicated to word-representable graphs, which generalize several important classes of graphs. However, not much is known about word-representability of split graphs, another important class…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-23 Herman Z. Q. Chen , Sergey Kitaev , Akira Saito

A graph is said to be word-representable if there exists a word over its vertex set such that any two vertices are adjacent if and only if they alternate in the word. If no such word exists, the graph is non-word-representable. In the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-04 Khyodeno Mozhui , Tithi Dwary , K. V. Krishna

In this paper we study graphs defined by pattern-avoiding words. Word-representable graphs have been studied extensively following their introduction in 2000 and are the subject of a book published by Kitaev in 2015. Recently there has been…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-08-30 Yelena Mandelshtam

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy\in E$. For integers $n>k>0 $, the shift graph $G(n,k)$ is the graph whose vertex set…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

Given a finite word $w$ over a finite alphabet $V$, consider the graph with vertex set $V$ and with an edge between two elements of $V$ if and only if the two elements alternate in the word $w$. Such a graph is said to be word-representable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-15 Marisa Gaetz , Caleb Ji
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