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The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has intensified concerns about its environmental sustainability. Current assessments focus on operational carbon emissions using secondary data, overlooking impacts in other life cycle…

The exponential growth of AI has created unprecedented demand for computational resources, pushing chip designs to the limit while simultaneously escalating the environmental footprint of computing. As the industry transitions toward…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Chetan Choppali Sudarshan , Jiajun Hu , Aman Arora , Vidya A. Chhabria

Cloud computing drives innovation but also poses significant environmental challenges due to its high-energy consumption and carbon emissions. Data centers account for 2-4% of global energy usage, and the ICT sector's share of electricity…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Federico Ruilova , Ernst Gunnar Gran , Sven-Arne Reinemo

The proliferation of software and AI comes with a hidden risk: its growing energy and carbon footprint. As concerns regarding environmental sustainability come to the forefront, understanding and optimizing how software impacts the…

Climate change is a critical concern for HPC systems, but GHG protocol carbon-emission accounting methodologies are difficult for a single system, and effectively infeasible for a collection of systems. As a result, there is no HPC-wide…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Varsha Rao , Andrew A. Chien

High-Performance Computing (HPC) has recently entered the Exascale era, and considerable efforts are being made to fully harness this potential power for large-scale applications, such as cutting-edge generative AI (training and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Roblex Nana Tchakoute , Claude Tadonki

High-performance solution-processed short-channel carbon nanotube (CNT) thin film transistors (TFTs) are fabricated using densely aligned arrays of metallic CNTs (m-CNTs) as source and drain electrodes, and aligned arrays of semiconducting…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-06-18 Biddut K. Sarker , Narae Kang , Saiful I. Khondaker

The development of superconducting qubit technology has shown great potential for the construction of practical quantum computers. As the complexity of quantum processors continues to grow, the need for stringent fabrication tolerances…

The computation demand for machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly recently, which comes with a number of costs. Estimating the energy cost helps measure its environmental impact and finding greener strategies, yet it is challenging without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 David Patterson , Joseph Gonzalez , Quoc Le , Chen Liang , Lluis-Miquel Munguia , Daniel Rothchild , David So , Maud Texier , Jeff Dean

The paper entitled "Sustainability Strategy for the Cool Copper Collider" by M. Breidenbach et al. defines a metric to weigh the electricity consumption and the carbon footprint of future Higgs factory concepts. We show that this metric is…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2024-12-20 Christophe Grojean , Patrick Janot

The semiconductor tracker (SCT) is one of the tracking systems for charged particles in the ATLAS detector. It consists of 4088 silicon strip sensor modules. During Run 2 (2015$-$2018) the Large Hadron Collider delivered an integrated…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-01-21 ATLAS Collaboration

This paper investigates the architectural features and performance potential of the Apple Silicon M-Series SoCs (M1, M2, M3, and M4) for HPC. We provide a detailed review of the CPU and GPU designs, the unified memory architecture, and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Paul Hübner , Andong Hu , Ivy Peng , Stefano Markidis

Realizing a shared responsibility between providers and consumers is critical to manage the sustainability of HPC. However, while cost may motivate efficiency improvements by infrastructure operators, broader progress is impeded by a lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Alok Kamatar , Maxime Gonthier , Valerie Hayot-Sasson , Andre Bauer , Marcin Copik , Torsten Hoefler , Raul Castro Fernandez , Kyle Chard , Ian Foster

The increasing penetration of renewables is replacing traditional synchronous generation in modern power systems with low-inertia asynchronous converter-interfaced generators (CIGs). This penetration threatens the dynamic stability of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-18 Xuezao Wang , Yijun Xu , Wei Gu , Kai Liu , Shuai Lu , Mert Korkali , Lamine Mili

With the demonstrated ability to perform calculations in seconds that would take classical supercomputers thousands of years, quantum computers namely hold the promise of radically advancing sustainable IT. However, quantum computers face…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Sylvain Cordier , Karl Thibault , Marie-Luc Arpin , Ben Amor

Modern data centers suffer from a growing carbon footprint due to insufficient support for environmental sustainability. While hardware accelerators and renewable energy have been utilized to enhance sustainability, addressing Quality of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Fan Chen

Power spectra of global surface temperature (GST) records reveal major periodicities at about 9.1, 10-11, 19-22 and 59-62 years. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) general circulation models (GCMs), to be used in the IPCC…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2013-10-29 Nicola Scafetta

The chemical industry is increasingly prioritising sustainability, with a focus on reducing carbon footprints to achieve net zero. By 2026, the Together for Sustainability (TfS) consortium will require reporting of biogenic carbon content…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Emma Pajak , David Walz , Olga Walz , Laura Marie Helleckes , Klaus Hellgardt , Antonio del Rio Chanona

To meet the increasing demand for cloud computing services, the scale and number of data centers keeps increasing worldwide. This growth comes at the cost of increased electricity consumption, which directly correlates to CO2 emissions, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Matteo Zanotto , Leonardo Vicentini , Redi Vreto , Francesco Lumpp , Diego Braga , Sandro Fiore

Hardware specialization is commonly viewed as a way to scale performance in the dark silicon era with modern-day SoCs featuring multiple tens of dedicated accelerators. By only powering on hardware circuitry when needed, accelerators…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Pranav Dangi , Thilini Kaushalya Bandara , Saeideh Sheikhpour , Tulika Mitra , Lieven Eeckhout