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This paper evaluates current Large Language Model (LLM) benchmarking for Icelandic, identifies problems, and calls for improved evaluation methods in low/medium-resource languages in particular. We show that benchmarks that include…

Machine Translation (MT) plays a pivotal role in cross-lingual information access, public policy communication, and equitable knowledge dissemination. However, critical meaning errors, such as factual distortions, intent reversals, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Muskaan Chopra , Lorenz Sparrenberg , Rafet Sifa

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are evaluated on various benchmarks, such as image captioning, visual question answering, and reasoning. However, many of these benchmarks include overly simple or uninformative samples, complicating…

Customer-service question answering (QA) systems increasingly rely on conversational language understanding. While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance, their high computational cost and deployment constraints limit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Lakshan Cooray , Deshan Sumanathilaka , Pattigadapa Venkatesh Raju

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various software engineering tasks, including error detection, clone detection, and code translation, primarily leveraging high-resource programming languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Razan Baltaji , Saurabh Pujar , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel , Luca Buratti , Lav Varshney

We present the task of PreQuEL, Pre-(Quality-Estimation) Learning. A PreQuEL system predicts how well a given sentence will be translated, without recourse to the actual translation, thus eschewing unnecessary resource allocation when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Shachar Don-Yehiya , Leshem Choshen , Omri Abend

Current evaluation benchmarks for question answering (QA) in Indic languages often rely on machine translation of existing English datasets. This approach suffers from bias and inaccuracies inherent in machine translation, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Vaishak Narayanan , Prabin Raj KP , Saifudheen Nouphal

Tiny Recursive Models (TRM) achieve strong results on reasoning tasks through iterative refinement of a shared network. We investigate whether these recursive mechanisms transfer to Quality Estimation (QE) for low-resource languages using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Umar Abubacar , Roman Bauer , Diptesh Kanojia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have remarkable capabilities across NLP tasks. However, their performance in multilingual contexts, especially within the mental health domain, has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nishat Raihan , Sadiya Sayara Chowdhury Puspo , Ana-Maria Bucur , Stevie Chancellor , Marcos Zampieri

Despite the steady progress in machine translation evaluation, existing automatic metrics struggle to capture how well meaning is preserved beyond sentence boundaries. We posit that reliance on a single intrinsic quality score, trained to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Patrick Fernandes , Sweta Agrawal , Emmanouil Zaranis , André F. T. Martins , Graham Neubig

Testing of machine learning (ML) models is a known challenge identified by researchers and practitioners alike. Unfortunately, current practice for ML model testing prioritizes testing for model performance, while often neglecting the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Rachel Brower-Sinning , Grace A. Lewis , Sebastían Echeverría , Ipek Ozkaya

Despite the popularity of the large language models (LLMs), their application to machine translation is relatively underexplored, especially in context-aware settings. This work presents a literature review of context-aware translation with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ramakrishna Appicharla , Baban Gain , Santanu Pal , Asif Ekbal

Word-level quality estimation (QE) methods aim to detect erroneous spans in machine translations, which can direct and facilitate human post-editing. While the accuracy of word-level QE systems has been assessed extensively, their usability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gabriele Sarti , Vilém Zouhar , Grzegorz Chrupała , Ana Guerberof-Arenas , Malvina Nissim , Arianna Bisazza

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming Quality Engineering (QE) by automating the generation of artefacts such as requirements, test cases, and Behavior Driven Development (BDD) scenarios. However, ensuring the quality of these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Eitan Farchi , Kiran Nayak , Papia Ghosh Majumdar , Saritha Route

Quality Estimation, as a crucial step of quality control for machine translation, has been explored for years. The goal is to investigate automatic methods for estimating the quality of machine translation results without reference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Jiayi Wang , Ke Wang , Boxing Chen , Yu Zhao , Weihua Luo , Yuqi Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising avenue for machine translation (MT). However, current LLM-based MT systems are brittle: their effectiveness highly depends on the choice of few-shot examples and they often require extra…

While multilingual language models (MLMs) have been trained on 100+ languages, they are typically only evaluated across a handful of them due to a lack of available test data in most languages. This is particularly problematic when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Rochelle Choenni , Sara Rajaee , Christof Monz , Ekaterina Shutova

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) often demonstrate a performance gap between English and non-English languages, particularly in low-resource settings. Aligning these models to low-resource languages is essential yet challenging due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Rakesh Paul , Anusha Kamath , Kanishk Singla , Raviraj Joshi , Utkarsh Vaidya , Sanjay Singh Chauhan , Niranjan Wartikar

Active learning aims to deliver maximum benefit when resources are scarce. We use COMET-QE, a reference-free evaluation metric, to select sentences for low-resource neural machine translation. Using Swahili, Kinyarwanda and Spanish for our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Everlyn Asiko Chimoto , Bruce A. Bassett

Previous research has shown that LLMs have potential in multilingual NLG evaluation tasks. However, existing research has not fully explored the differences in the evaluation capabilities of LLMs across different languages. To this end,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jiayi Chang , Mingqi Gao , Xinyu Hu , Xiaojun Wan
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