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The development of physical simulators, called Ising machines, that sample from low energy states of the Ising Hamiltonian has the potential to drastically transform our ability to understand and control complex systems. However, most of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-03-10 Timothee Leleu , Farad Khoyratee , Timothee Levi , Ryan Hamerly , Takashi Kohno , Kazuyuki Aihara

Spiking neural network is a kind of neuromorphic computing that is believed to improve the level of intelligence and provide advantages for quantum computing. In this work, we address this issue by designing an optical spiking neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Bo Lu , Yong-Pan Gao , Kai Wen , Chuan Wang

The general-purpose programmable photonic processors offer a scalable and reconfigurable solution for a wide range of RF and optical applications. Therefore, implementing photonic Ising machines using programmable processors leverages the…

We introduce and analyze a natural class of nonlinear dynamics for spin systems such as the Ising model. This class of dynamics is based on the framework of mass action kinetics, which models the evolution of systems of entities under…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Pietro Caputo , Alistair Sinclair

The race to heuristically solve non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP) problems through efficient methods is ongoing. Recently, optics was demonstrated as a promising tool to find the ground state of a spin-glass Ising Hamiltonian, which…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-03-14 Gianni Jacucci , Louis Delloye , Davide Pierangeli , Mushegh Rafayelyan , Claudio Conti , Sylvain Gigan

Many tasks in our modern life, such as planning an efficient travel, image processing and optimizing integrated circuit design, are modeled as complex combinatorial optimization problems with binary variables. Such problems can be mapped to…

The commercial and industrial demand for the solution of hard combinatorial optimization problems push forward the development of efficient solvers. One of them is the Ising machine which can solve combinatorial problems mapped to Ising…

Binary random variables are the building blocks used to describe a large variety of systems, from magnetic spins to financial time series and neuron activity. In Statistical Physics the Kinetic Ising Model has been introduced to describe…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-05-26 Carlo Campajola , Fabrizio Lillo , Piero Mazzarisi , Daniele Tantari

We consider the problem of predicting the spin states in a kinetic Ising model when spin trajectories are observed for only a finite fraction of sites. In a Bayesian setting, where the probabilistic model of the spin dynamics is assumed to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2015-06-19 Ludovica Bachschmid Romano , Manfred Opper

In this study, we present a novel analytical approach to solving large-scale Ising problems by reformulating the discrete Ising Hamiltonian into a continuous framework. This transformation enables us to derive exact solutions for a…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Amirhossein Rezaei , Mahmood Hasani , Alireza Rezaei , S. M. Hassan Halataei

Photonic Ising Machines constitute an emergent new paradigm of computation, geared towards tackling combinatorial optimization problems that can be reduced to the problem of finding the ground state of an Ising model. Spatial Photonic Ising…

In this paper, we report new results on a novel Ising machine technology for solving combinatorial optimization problems using networks of coupled self-sustaining oscillators. Specifically, we present several working hardware prototypes…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Tianshi Wang , Leon Wu , Jaijeet Roychowdhury

Ising formulations are widely utilized to solve combinatorial optimization problems, and a variety of quantum or semiconductor-based hardware has recently been made available. In combinatorial optimization problems, the existence of local…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-03-15 Yoshiki Sato , Makiko Konoshima , Hirotaka Tamura , Jun Ohkubo

Combinatorial problems such as combinatorial optimization and constraint satisfaction problems arise in decision-making across various fields of science and technology. In real-world applications, when multiple optimal or…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yuta Mizuno , Mohammad Ali , Tamiki Komatsuzaki

A spatial photonic Ising machine (SPIM) handles large-scale combinatorial optimization problems owing to optical processing with spatial parallelism. However, iterative feedback in the search for optimal solutions limits processing speed…

Optics · Physics 2025-02-27 Suguru Shimomura , Jun Tanida , Yusuke Ogura

Recent years have seen significant advances in quantum/quantum-inspired technologies capable of approximately searching for the ground state of Ising spin Hamiltonians. The promise of leveraging such technologies to accelerate the solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-24 Robin Brown , David E. Bernal Neira , Davide Venturelli , Marco Pavone

Ising machines are dedicated hardware solvers of NP-hard optimization problems. However, they do not always find the most optimal solution. The probability of finding this optimal solution depends on the problem at hand. Using continuation…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-12-10 Jacob Lamers , Guy Verschaffelt , Guy Van der Sande

Nonlinear dynamical systems with continuous variables can be used for solving combinatorial optimization problems with discrete variables. Numerical simulations of them are also useful as heuristic algorithms with a desirable property,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Hayato Goto , Ryo Hidaka , Kosuke Tatsumura

From condensed matter to quantum chromodynamics, multidimensional spins are a fundamental paradigm, with a pivotal role in combinatorial optimization and machine learning. Machines formed by coupled parametric oscillators can simulate spin…

Optics · Physics 2022-11-29 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Claudio Conti

Ising machines -- special-purpose hardware for heuristically solving Ising optimization problems -- based on probabilistic bits (p-bits) have been established as a promising alternative to heuristic optimization algorithms run on…