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We propose a foundation model for soccer, which is able to predict subsequent actions in a soccer match from a given input sequence of actions. As a proof of concept, we train a transformer architecture on three seasons of data from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ethan Baron , Daniel Hocevar , Zach Salehe

Soccer is a sparse rewarding game: any smart or careless action in critical situations can change the result of the match. Therefore players, coaches, and scouts are all curious about the best action to be performed in critical situations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Pegah Rahimian , Afshin Oroojlooy , Laszlo Toka

In many real-world complex systems, the behavior can be observed as a collection of discrete events generated by multiple interacting agents. Analyzing the dynamics of these multi-agent systems, especially team sports, often relies on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Rikuhei Umemoto , Keisuke Fujii

Expected Goals (xG) has emerged as a popular tool for evaluating finishing skill in soccer analytics. It involves comparing a player's cumulative xG with their actual goal output, where consistent overperformance indicates strong finishing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jesse Davis , Pieter Robberechts

We investigated the temporal distribution of goals in soccer using event-level data from 3,433 matches across 21 leagues and competitions. Contrary to the prevailing notion of randomness, we found that the probability of a goal being scored…

We summarise popular methods used for skill rating in competitive sports, along with their inferential paradigms and introduce new approaches based on sequential Monte Carlo and discrete hidden Markov models. We advocate for a state-space…

Applications · Statistics 2024-08-20 Samuel Duffield , Samuel Power , Lorenzo Rimella

Predicting the results of soccer matches is of great interest. This is not only due to the popularity of the sport and the joy of private "betting rounds", but also due to the large sports betting market. Where previously expert knowledge…

Applications · Statistics 2025-07-09 Mirko Fischer , Andreas Heuer

Australian Rules Football is a field invasion game where two teams attempt to score the highest points to win. Complex machine learning algorithms have been developed to predict match outcomes post-game, but their lack of interpretability…

Applications · Statistics 2024-05-22 Carlos Rafael Gonzalez Soffner , Manuele Leonelli

Although the values of individual soccer players have become astronomical, subjective judgments still play a big part in the player analysis. Recently, there have been new attempts to quantitatively grasp players' styles using video-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Hyunsung Kim , Jihun Kim , Dongwook Chung , Jonghyun Lee , Jinsung Yoon , Sang-Ki Ko

League of Legends (LoL) has been a dominant esport for a decade, yet the inherent complexity of the game has stymied the creation of analytical measures of player skill and performance. Current industry standards are limited to…

Applications · Statistics 2024-05-07 Amy X. Zhang , Parth Naidu

Estimation of football players' skills is one of the key tasks in sports analytics. This paper introduces multiple extensions to a widely used model, expected possession value (EPV), to address some key challenges such as selection problem.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Andrei Shelopugin

In this research, we examine the capabilities of different mathematical models to accurately predict various levels of the English football pyramid. Existing work has largely focused on top-level play in European leagues; however, our work…

In this work, we draw attention to a connection between skill-based models of game outcomes and Gaussian process classification models. The Gaussian process perspective enables a) a principled way of dealing with uncertainty and b) rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-06 Lucas Maystre , Victor Kristof , Antonio J. González Ferrer , Matthias Grossglauser

The transfer fees of sports players have become astronomical. This is because bringing players of great future value to the club is essential for their survival. We present a case study on the key factors affecting the world's top soccer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Hansoo Lee , Bayu Adhi Tama , Meeyoung Cha

This paper aims to reduce randomness in football by analysing the role of lineups in final scores using machine learning prediction models we have developed. Football clubs invest millions of dollars on lineups and knowing how individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 George Peters , Diogo Pacheco

A knowledgeable observer of a game of football (soccer) can make a subjective evaluation of the quality of passes made between players during the game. We investigate the problem of producing an automated system to make the same evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Michael Horton , Joachim Gudmundsson , Sanjay Chawla , Joël Estephan

Injuries have a great impact on professional soccer, due to their large influence on team performance and the considerable costs of rehabilitation for players. Existing studies in the literature provide just a preliminary understanding of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-06 Alessio Rossi , Luca Pappalardo , Paolo Cintia , Marcello Iaia , Javier Fernandez , Daniel Medina

Humans are routinely asked to evaluate the performance of other individuals, separating success from failure and affecting outcomes from science to education and sports. Yet, in many contexts, the metrics driving the human evaluation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-12-07 Luca Pappalardo , Paolo Cintia , Dino Pedreschi , Fosca Giannotti , Albert-Laszlo Barabasi

In this paper, we present a novel sequential team selection model in soccer. Specifically, we model the stochastic process of player injury and unavailability using player-specific information learned from real-world soccer data.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Gregory Everett , Ryan Beal , Tim Matthews , Timothy J. Norman , Sarvapali D. Ramchurn

Organizations (e.g., talent investment programs, schools, firms) are perennially interested in selecting cohorts of talented people. And organizations are increasingly interested in selecting diverse cohorts. Except in trivial cases,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Neil Natarajan , Kadeem Noray