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A precise estimation of the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) is crucial for secure power system operation. In fact, RoCoF is strictly related to the amount of the available physical and/or virtual inertia of the system and the severity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-06 Gutierrez-Florensa , F. Sanniti , D. Tedeschi , L. Sigrist , A. Ortega , F. Milano

Grid-interfacing inverters act as the interface between renewable resources and the electric grid, and have the potential to offer fast and programmable controls compared to synchronous generators. With this flexibility there has been…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) play a crucial role in the stability of power systems with large amounts of converter-based generation. Transient stability (angle stability under large disturbances) is a critical limiting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Luis Rouco , Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada

A common assumption in both grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) control systems is that they are open-loop (OL) stable in the vicinity of high-frequency resonances. Hence classical loop-shaping approaches are often used for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Meng Chen , Yufei Xi , Frede Blaabjerg , Lin Cheng , Ioannis Lestas

This paper proposes a novel strategy for the current injection based control for distributed energy resources connected to weak grids through a voltage source converter experiencing faults. The current injection controller is no longer…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-13 Runfan Zhang , Branislav Hredzak

This paper considers future distribution networks featuring inverter-interfaced photovoltaic (PV) systems, and addresses the synthesis of feedback controllers that seek real- and reactive-power inverter setpoints corresponding to AC optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-17 Emiliano Dall'Anese , Sairaj V. Dhople , Georgios B. Giannakis

Deviations of grid frequency from the nominal frequency are an indicator of the global imbalance between genera- tion and load. Two types of control, a distributed propor- tional control and a centralized integral control, are cur- rently…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-11-20 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Michael Chertkov , Scott Backhaus

Current-mode control is one of the most popular controller strategies for power converters. With the advent of wide bandgap devices including GaN and SiC, higher switching frequencies have become more viable at higher power because of lower…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Xiaofan Cui , Al-Thaddeus Avestruz

The progressive displacing of conventional generation in favour of renewable energy sources requires restoring an adequate capacity of regulating power to ensure reliable operation of power systems. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-12 Antonio Zecchino , Francesco Gerini , Yihui Zuo , Rachid Cherkaoui , Mario Paolone , Elena Vagnoni

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

In this article, a nonlinear strategy based on a flatness approach is used for controlling the instantaneous complex power supplied from the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) to a weak grid. To this end, the strategy introduced by the authors…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-10 Sebastian Gomez Jorge , Jorge A. Solsona , Claudio A. Busada , Gerardo Tapia-Otaegui , Ana Susperregui , M. Itsaso Martínez

Grid-forming technology has a crucial role in achieving the future all renewable power grid. Among different types of grid-forming controllers, Virtual Oscillator (VO) based Controllers (VOCs) are the most advanced. VOCs outperform the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-26 Ritwik Ghosh

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are a key component in the ongoing modernization of power systems, with grid-forming (GFM) inverters playing a central role. Effective fault current limiting is a major challenge to modernizing power systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-19 Zaid Ibn Mahmood , Hantao Cui , Ying Zhang

This paper employs modal analysis to study the core inertial dynamics of governor-controlled synchronous generators (GC-SG), droop-based grid-forming (GFM) converters, and their most fundamental interactions. The results indicate that even…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Gerardo Medrano , Santiago Cóbreces

The frequency droop response of conventional turbine driven synchronous generators with respect to load increases is normally used in order to have stable operating characteristics for multiple generators operating in parallel over large…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-09-11 Kirsch N. Mackey , Roy A. McCann

The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) has fundamentally altered the transient stability characteristics of modern power systems. IBRs typically rely on proportional--integral (PI) controllers for synchronization and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Yifan Zhang , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Yitong Li , Yang Wu

The fast frequency support (FFS) towards frequency trajectory optimization provides a system view for the frequency regulation of wind farms (WFs). However, the existing frequency trajectory optimization-based FFS generally relies on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-03 Yubo Zhang , Songhao Yang , Zhiguo Hao , Baohui Zhang

The increasing electric power consumption and the shift towards renewable energy resources demand for new ways to operate transmission and subtransmission grids. Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) is a feedback real-time control method that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Lukas Ortmann , Jean Maeght , Patrick Panciatici , Florian Dörfler , Saverio Bolognani

We consider the problem of controlling the voltage of a distribution feeder using the reactive power capabilities of inverters. On a real distribution grid, we compare the local Volt/VAr droop control recommended in recent grid codes, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-22 Lukas Ortmann , Adrian Hauswirth , Ivo Caduff , Florian Dörfler , Saverio Bolognani

Topology control for power grid operation is a challenging sequential decision making problem because the action space grows combinatorially with the size of the grid and action evaluation through simulation is computationally expensive. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Pantelis Dogoulis , Maxime Cordy