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Power electronic converters are fundamental building blocks of both AC and DC microgrids, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electronic loads, and electric vehicles. In contrast, converter control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

The emergence of grid-forming (GFM) inverter technology and the increasing role of machine learning in power systems highlight the need for evaluating the latest dynamic simulators. Open-source simulators offer distinct advantages in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-12 Tong Su , Jiangkai Peng , Alaa Selim , Junbo Zhao , Jin Tan

Grid-forming voltage-source converter (GFM-VSC) may experience low-frequency resonances, such as synchronous resonance (SR) and sub-synchronous resonance (SSR), in the output power. This paper offers a comprehensive study on the root causes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-23 Fangzhou Zhao , Tianhua Zhu , Zejie Li , Xiongfei Wang

A case study on modeling adequacy of a grid in presence of renewable resources based on grid-forming converters (GFCs) is the subject matter of this paper. For this purpose, a 4-machine 11-bus IEEE benchmark model is modified by considering…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Lilan Karunaratne , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Amirthagunaraj Yogarathnam , Meng Yue

In order to deal with issues caused by the increasing penetration of renewable resources in power systems, this paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control algorithm for each generating unit and controllable load in a transmission…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-19 Luwei Yang , Tao Liu , Zhiyuan Tang , David J. Hill

Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

Frequency control (FC) enables utility-scale grid-connected hybrid power plants (HPPs) to operate in compliance with grid code requirements while to capture value streams from provision of frequency control services (FCSs). In this paper, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-05 Qian Long , Kaushik Das , Poul Sørensen

The widely accepted definition of grid-forming (GFM) inverter states that it should behave as a (nearly) constant voltage source behind an impedance by maintaining a (nearly) constant internal voltage phasor in the sub-transient to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Ambuj Gupta , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

Modern power systems are facing the tremendous challenge of integrating vast amounts of variable (non-dispatchable) renewable generation capacity, such as solar photovoltaic or wind power. In this context, the required power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-30 Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Saman Dadjo Tavakoli , Vinicius A. Lacerda , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo

To satisfy dynamic requirements of power systems, it is imperative for grid-tied inverters to ensure good disturbance rejection performance (DRP) under variable grid conditions. This letter discovers and theoretically proves that for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Fuyilong Ma , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Linbin Huang

In this work, we investigate grid-forming control for power systems containing three-phase and single-phase converters connected to unbalanced distribution and transmission networks, investigate self-balancing between single-phase…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-15 Shahin S. Nudehi , Dominic Groß

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters can significantly alter the fault characteristics of power systems, which challenges the proper function of protective relays. This paper gives a holistic analysis of the interaction between GFM inverter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

Large-scale integration of renewables in power systems gives rise to new challenges for keeping synchronization and frequency stability in volatile and uncertain power flow states. To ensure the safety of operation, the system must maintain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Chao Duan , Pratyush Chakraborty , Takashi Nishikawa , Adilson E. Motter

Volt-VAr control is a popular method for mitigating overvoltage violations caused by high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution feeders. An inherent limitation of volt-VAr control is that the reactive power (Q)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-29 Madhura Sondharangalla , Dan Moldovan , Raja Ayyanar

A major concern in modern power systems is that the popularity and fluctuating characteristics of renewable energy may cause more and more transmission congestion events. Traditional congestion management modeling involves AC or DC power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-27 Shutong Pu , Guangchun Ruan , Xinfei Yan , Haiwang Zhong

Challenges and opportunities coexist in microgrids as a result of emerging large-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) and advanced control techniques. In this paper, a comprehensive review of microgrid control is presented with its…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-07 Buxin She , Fangxing Li , Hantao Cui , Jingqiu Zhang , Rui Bo

This letter presents a comprehensive analysis of the stability phenomenon related to the ability of generators to remain in synchronism when subjected to small or large disturbances, in power systems with both synchronous machines and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist

Power systems with a high penetration of renewable generation are vulnerable to frequency oscillation and voltage instability. Traditionally, the stability of power systems is considered either in terms of local stability or as an angle…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-31 Xinyuan Jiang , Constantino M. Lagoa , Daning Huang , Yan Li

Converter-based generators and loads are growing in prevalence on power grids across the globe. The rise of these resources necessitates controllers that handle the power electronic devices' strict current limits without jeopardizing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-19 Lauren Streitmatter , Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

A model predictive control (MPC) method for enhancing post-fault transient stability of a grid-forming (GFM) inverter based resources (IBRs) is developed in this paper. This proposed controller is activated as soon as the converter enters…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-09 Ali Arjomandi-Nezhad , Yifei Guo , Bikash C. Pal , Damiano Varagnolo
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