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Grid-following (GFL) inverters have very different large-signal stability characteristics to synchronous generators, and convenient concepts such as the equal-area criterion and global energy function do not apply in the same way. Existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Yifan Zhang , Yaoxin Wang , Yunjie Gu , Yitong Li , Sijia Geng , Yue Zhu , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green

Interconnecting power converters (IPC) are the main elements enabling the interconnection of multiple high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) subgrids. These converters can be classified either as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Josep Arévalo-Soler , Mehrdad Nahalparvari , Dominic Gross , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Staffan Norrga , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

The paper discusses fast frequency control in bulk power systems using embedded networks of grid-forming energy storage resources. Differing from their traditional roles of regulating reserves, the storage resources in this work operate as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

We consider the problem of controlling the frequency of low-inertia power systems via inverter-based resources (IBRs) that are weakly connected to the grid. We propose a novel grid-forming control strategy, the so-called frequency shaping…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Yashen Lin , Andrey Bernstein , Enrique Mallada , Dominic Groß

The increasing integration of renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, introduces significant uncertainty into hybrid AC-HVDC systems due to forecast errors and power fluctuations. Conventional control strategies typically rely on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-30 Hongjin Du , Rahul Rane , Weijie Xia , Pedro P. Vergara , Aleksandra Lekić

With increased attention on grid-forming inverters as a power system stabilizing device during periods of high shares of inverter-based resource operations, there is a present need for a transparent and rigorous investigation of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-11 Rick Wallace Kenyon , Amirhossein Sajadi , Matt Bossart , Andy Hoke , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Higher penetration of renewable generation will increase the demand for adequate (and cost-effective) controllable resources on the grid that can mitigate and contain the contingencies locally before it can cause a network-wide collapse.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Draguna Vrabie , Karan Kalsi , Jianming Lian

The rise in residential photovoltaics and other distributed energy sources poses unprecedented challenges for the operation of power distribution grids. When high amounts of active power are injected into the grid by such power sources, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-01 Jonas G. Matt , Lukas Ortmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Grid-connected power converters are ubiquitous in modern power systems, acting as grid interfaces of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, high-voltage DC systems, etc. Conventionally, power converters use…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Ruohan Leng , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju , Xiongfei Wang , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler

For enhancing power flow control in power transmission, a simplified new structure of direct power flow controller with continuous full regulation range (F-DPFC) was proposed. It has only one-stage power conversion and comprises of a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-31 Chong Yao , Youjun Zhang

Large-scale power-to-hydrogen (P2H) systems formed by multi-stack are potentially powerful peak-shaving resources of power systems. However, due to the research gap in connecting the grid-side performance with the inherent operation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-24 Jiarong Li

A distributed controller for secondary control problems in microgrids with grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) is developed. The controller is based on distributed optimization and is synthesized and implemented…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Vivek Khatana , Soham Chakraborty , Murti V. Salapaka

The energy transition, crucial for tackling the climate crisis, demands integrating numerous distributed, renewable energy sources into existing grids. Along with climate change and consumer behavioral changes, this leads to changes and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-05 Alban Puech , Jonas Weiss , Thomas Brunschwiler , Hendrik F. Hamann

In high-penetration renewable power systems with complex and highly variable operating scenarios, grid-connected inverters (GCIs) may transition between different control modes to adapt to diverse grid conditions. Among these, the switching…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-23 Qiping Lai , Yi Shen , Chen Shen

An increasing integration of photovoltaic units, electric vehicle chargers, heat pumps, and energy storage systems challenges low-voltage power grids and can cause voltage range violation, loss of stability, (local) overload of lines, and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Davood Keshavarzi , Alexander Koehler , Stefan M. Goetz

The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

Model predictive control (MPC) has proven its applicability in power conversion control with its fast dynamic response to reference changes while ensuring critical system constraints are satisfied. Even then, the computational burden still…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-25 Orcun Karaca , Georgios Darivianakis

This paper develops a risk-aware controller for grid-forming inverters (GFMs) to minimize large frequency oscillations in GFM inverter-dominated power systems. To tackle the high variability from loads/renewables, we incorporate a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-19 Kyung-bin Kwon , Sayak Mukherjee , Thanh Long Vu , Hao Zhu

The modern power grid features the high penetration of power converters, which widely employ a phase-locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. However, it has been pointed out that PLL can give rise to small-signal instabilities under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-18 Chaoran Yang , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju

A fractional-order (FO) based controller for a grid-connected PV system is presented in this paper. A single phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic generator (PVG) is used to test the performance of the FO controller. The main…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-30 Shah Fahad , Nasim Ullah , Ali Jafer Mahdi , Asier Ibeas , Arman Goudarzi